Highly stable all-polarization-maintaining few-cycle femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by single-walled carbon nanotubes
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摘要:
为了满足面向阿秒科学、精密加工及超快光谱学等领域对高性能超短脉冲的需求，本研究了一种高稳定性、自启动的全保偏少周期飞秒光纤激光器。以单壁碳纳米管薄膜作为可饱和吸收体构建了重复频率为100.45 MHz的全保偏掺铒光纤种子源；通过全保偏双向放大结构结合非线性光谱展宽与色散管理技术，进一步经保偏高非线性光纤非线性展宽和色散补偿后，基于自相关测量获得30.1 fs的主脉冲宽度，获得了仅含约5.8个光学周期的少周期脉冲序列，其放大输出平均功率超过200 mW。稳定性测试表明种子源连续运行10小时的功率均方根波动仅为0.4%，在引入温控与压电陶瓷进行重频锁定后，百秒艾伦方差达9.98 × 10−14，该种子源凭借其紧凑的结构和优异的运行稳定性，为后续产生跨倍频程超连续谱及实现高性能频率梳应用奠定了坚实的实验基础。
Abstract:To meet the stringent requirements of attosecond science, precision manufacturing, and ultrafast spectroscopy for high-performance ultrashort pulses, this study reports the development of a highly stable, self-starting all-polarization-maintaining few-cycle femtosecond fiber laser. A 100.45 MHz all-polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber seed source is constructed using a single-walled carbon nanotube film as a saturable absorber. By employing an all-polarization-maintaining bidirectional amplification scheme combined with nonlinear spectral broadening and dispersion management, the system achieves a pulse duration of 30.1 femtoseconds after nonlinear broadening in a polarization-maintaining highly nonlinear fiber and subsequent dispersion compensation. This corresponds to a few-cycle pulse train containing approximately 5.8 optical cycles, with an amplified average output power exceeding 200 milliwatts. Stability measurements demonstrate that the seed source maintains a power root-mean-square fluctuation of only 0.4 percent over 10 hours of continuous operation. Furthermore, after the implementation of temperature control and piezo-electric transducer stabilization for repetition rate locking, the Allan deviation reaches 9.98 × 10−14 over 100 seconds. With its compact architecture and exceptional operational stability, this seed source establishes a robust experimental foundation for the subsequent generation of octave-spanning supercontinuum and high-performance frequency comb applications.
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图 1 SWCNTs聚合物薄膜的典型光学特性表征。 (a) SWCNTs聚合物薄膜纯视觉图像； (b) 显微镜下SWCNTs聚合物薄膜图像； (c) SWCNTs聚合物薄膜非线性光学吸收特性； (d) SWCNTs聚合物薄膜的线性光学吸收谱； (e) SWCNTs聚合物薄膜拉曼光谱
Figure 1. Typical optical property characterization of SWCNTs polymer films. (a) Image of SWCNTs film from camera; (b) Image of SWCNTs film under microscope; (c) Nonlinear optical absorption characteristics of SWCNTs film; (d) Linear optical absorption spectrum of SWCNTs film; (e) Raman spectrum of SWCNTs film.
图 2 全保偏SWCNTs光纤飞秒激光器原理示意图及测量结果。 (a) 种子源及放大器结构原理图； (b) 输出光谱图，蓝色：种子输出光谱，红色：放大器输出光谱； (c) 时域脉冲序列输出图，蓝色：种子脉冲序列，红色：放大器脉冲序列，插图：50 μs范围的脉冲序列图；(d) 0.8 MHz 带宽、100 Hz分辨率的基频射频谱图，蓝色：种子射频，红色：放大器射频，插图：扫描范围为5.0 GHz、10 kHz分辨率带宽的射频谱
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the principle and measurement results of the all-PM fiber femtosecond laser. (a) Schematic diagram of the seed source and amplifier structure; (b) Output spectrum diagram, blue: seed output spectrum, red: amplifier output spectrum; (c) Time-domain pulse sequence output diagram, blue: seed pulse sequence, red: amplifier pulse sequence, inset: pulse sequence diagram within a 50 μs range; (d) Fundamental radio frequency spectrum diagram with a bandwidth of 0.8 MHz and a resolution of 100 Hz, blue: seed radio frequency, red: amplifier radio frequency, inset: radio frequency spectrum with a scanning range of 5.0 GHz and a resolution bandwidth of 10 kHz.
图 3 脉冲序列自相关结果。(a) 种子脉冲序列自相关结果； (b) 放大输出脉冲序列自相关结果
Figure 3. Autocorrelation results of pulse sequences. (a) Autocorrelation results of seed pulse sequence; (b) Autocorrelation results of amplified output pulse sequence.
图 4 超连续谱的产生示意图及输出结果。 (a)超连续产生结构示意图； (b) 超连续脉冲序列自相关结果； (c) 超连续光谱输出结果(分别采用OSA AQ 6370D (600-
1700 nm)以及OSA AQ6375 (1200 -2400 nm)进行光谱采集)Figure 4. Schematic diagram of supercontinuum generation and output results. (a) Schematic diagram of supercontinuum generation structure using HNLF; (b) Autocorrelation results of supercontinuum pulse sequence; (c) Output results of supercontinuum spectrum (Spectra were collected using the OSA AQ 6370D (600-
1700 nm) and OSA AQ6375 (1200 -2400 nm)).
图 5 锁模光纤激光器的输出稳定性测试。(a) 10小时内的输出功率演变，插图：300-400分钟内功率演化图局部放大；(b) 10小时内的光谱演变结果
Figure 5. Output stability test of a mode-locked fiber laser. (a) Evolution of output power over 10 hours. Inset: magnification of power evolution diagram within 300-400 minutes; (b) Evolution of spectrum over 10 hours.
图 6 锁模光纤激光器锁频后稳定性测试。(a) 60分钟内的激光器频率演变,上图：未锁定，下图：锁定；(b) 锁频后的
$ {f}_{rep} $ 艾伦方差结果Figure 6. Stability test of mode-locked fiber laser after repetition rate locking. (a) Laser repetition rate evolution within 60 minutes, Top image: unlocked, bottom image: locked; (b) Allan deviation result of the
$ {f}_{rep} $ .表 1 相似工作的参数整理与对比
Table 1. comparison of similar working parameters
参考文献 工作波段 脉冲宽度 平均功率 重复频率 $ {f}_{rep} $/$ {f}_{ceo} $是否锁定 [20] 1550 nm29 fs 52 mW 4 MHz 否/否 [21] 1550 nm22.7 fs 120 mW 43 MHz 否/否 [22] 1550 nm34 fs 320 mW 200 MHz 否/否 [23] 1550 nm50 fs 13.6 mW 85 MHz 否/否 [24] 1566 nm77 fs 37 mW 199.6 MHz 否/否 [25] 1565 nm72 fs 3 mW 250 MHz 否/否 [26] 1550 nm100 fs 50 mW 83 MHz 是/是 [27] 1550 nm44.5 fs 440 mW 206 MHz 是/是 本文 1560 nm30.1 fs 65.1 mW 100.45 MHz 是/否 
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