Gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR temperature and refractive index sensing
doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0034
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摘要:
针对现有光子晶体光纤表面等离子体共振（PCF-SPR）传感器存在的金属薄膜涂覆工艺复杂、单参数检测集成度低等问题，本文提出一种基于金纳米线集成偏置芯PCF-SPR的双参数传感器。该传感器突破传统孔内镀膜或金属薄膜结构，通过化学气相沉积（CVD）将金纳米线直接附着于光纤包层，避免了镀膜不均问题并显著简化制备工艺。通过优化非对称偏置芯光纤结构并利用金纳米线的强局域场增强效应，该传感器在双偏振模式下实现了温度（25~60 °C）与折射率（1.31~1.40）的高灵敏度同步检测。仿真实验表明：x偏振模式可实现1.31~1.40折射率检测，最大波长灵敏度与振幅灵敏度分别达
14800 nm/RIU和−1724.25 RIU−1，最高折射率分辨率为6.75×10−6 RIU；y偏振模式折射率检测范围达1.34~1.40，最大波长灵敏度与振幅灵敏度分别为28400 nm/RIU和−1298.93 RIU-1，最高折射率分辨率为3.52×10−6 RIU。在25~60 °C温度传感中，传感器表现出7.8 nm/°C的波长灵敏度与1.38×10−6 °C的高分辨率。该设计通过金纳米线与偏置芯结构的协同作用，在简化制备工艺的同时实现了多参数检测，为生化监测、环境传感等领域的集成化应用提供了新思路。Abstract:To address the challenges of complex metallic film coating processes and low integration in single-parameter detection for existing photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensors, a dual-parameter sensor based on gold nanowire-integrated bias-core PCF-SPR is proposed. Unlike conventional in-hole coatings or metallic film structures, the gold nanowires are directly attached to the fiber cladding via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), eliminating uneven coating issues and significantly simplifying fabrication. By optimizing the asymmetric bias-core fiber structure and leveraging the strong localized field enhancement of gold nanowires, the sensor achieves high-sensitivity synchronous detection of temperature (25−60 °C) and refractive index (1.31−1.40) in dual-polarization modes. The simulation results demonstrate that the x-polarization mode can achieve 1.31−1.40 refractive index detection with maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity of
14800 nm/RIU and −1724.25 RIU−1, and maximum refractive index resolution of 6.75×10−6 RIU. The y-polarization mode achieves refractive index detection range to 1.34−1.40, and the maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity are28400 nm/RIU and -1298.93 RIU−1, and the maximum refractive index resolution is 3.52×10−6 RIU. For temperature sensing, the sensor exhibits a wavelength sensitivity of 7.8 nm/°C and a high resolution of 1.38×10−6 °C over the range of 25−60 °C. This design synergizes gold nanowires and the bias-core architecture to simplify fabrication while enabling multi-parameter detection. The proposed sensor offers new insights for integrated applications in biochemical monitoring, environmental sensing, and related fields.-
Key words:
- photonic crystal fiber /
- surface plasmon resonance /
- gold nanowires /
- temperature /
- sensor
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Figure 1. Gold nanowire biased core PCF-SPR sensor: (a) two-dimensional cross-sectional diagram, (b) three-dimensional structure, (c) three-dimensional perspective view
Figure 2. Loss spectrum and dispersion relation between fundamental and SPP modes for (a) x-polarized fundamental mode (b) y-polarized fundamental mode
Figure 4. Confinement spectra of (a) x-polarized fundamental mode (b) y-polarized fundamental mode for different refractive indices
Figure 5. Variation of amplitude sensitivity with wavelength for (a) x-polarized fundamental mode (b) y-polarized fundamental mode at different refractive indices
Figure 6. Variation of resonance wavelength with refractive index in (a) x-polarized fundamental mode (b) y-polarized fundamental mode
Figure 7. Variation of refractive index of alcohol-chloroform mixtures with temperature
Figure 8. Confinement spectra of (a) x-polarized fundamental mode (b) y-polarized fundamental mode at different temperatures
Table 1. Performance of single gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR refractive index sensor
Refractive index of the
substance to be measured (RIU)polarization type Wavelength sensitivity
(nm/RIU)Amplitude sensitivity
(RIU−1)Resolution
(RIU)1.31 X-polarization 1600 −192.57 6.25×10−5 Y polarization − − − 1.32 X-polarization 2400 −235.16 4.17×10−5 Y polarization − − − 1.33 X-polarization 2400 −291.80 4.17×10−5 Y polarization − − − 1.34 X-polarization 3200 −362.15 3.13×10−5 Y polarization 3200 −150.50 3.13×10−5 1.35 X-polarization 4000 −459.04 2.50×10−5 Y polarization 4400 −240.16 2.27×10−5 1.36 X-polarization 4800 −586.60 2.08×10−5 Y polarization 5600 −380.72 1.79×10−5 1.37 X-polarization 6400 −778.15 1.56×10−5 Y polarization 8000 −622.04 1.25×10−5 1.38 X-polarization 9200 − 1176.40 1.09×10−5 Y polarization 12000 − 1202.94 8.33×10−6 1.39 X-polarization 14800 − 1724.25 6.75×10−6 Y polarization 28400 − 1298.93 3.52×10−6 1.40 X-polarization − − − Y polarization − − − 
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Table 2. Temperature sensing performance of single gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR sensors
Temperature to
be measured ( °C)polarization
typeWavelength sensitivity
(nm/°C)Resolution
(°C)25 X-polarization 5.6 1.79×10−2 Y polarization 7.8 1.28×10−2 30 X-polarization 5 2×10−2 Y polarization 7 1.43×10−2 35 X-polarization 5.4 1.85×10−2 Y polarization 6 1.67×10−2 40 X-polarization 3.6 2.78×10−2 Y polarization 5.4 1.85×10−2 45 X-polarization 3.8 2.63×10−2 Y polarization 4.8 2.08×10−2 50 X-polarization 3.6 2.78×10−2 Y polarization 4.4 2.27×10−2 55 X-polarization 3.2 3.13×10−2 Y polarization 4 2.5×10−2 60 X-polarization − − Y polarization − −
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Table 3. Comparison of sensing performance of different PCF-SPR sensors
Sensor structure Temperature ( °C) RI (RIU) ST (nm/°C) Sλ (nm/RIU) Year Ref. Dual symmetrical eccentric-core − 1.13~1.35 − 17500 2020 [27] PCF − 1.13~1.45 − 40000 2023 [28] PCF − 1.34-1.39 − 51200 2024 [29] ARF 20-30 − 10.8 − 2024 [30] PCF 0-100 1.410~1.435 6.6 29800 2025 [31] PCF 25-60 1.31~1.40 7.8 28400 2025 This work
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