
Citation: | DONG Zhuo, CHEN Jie, ZHU Yi-fan, YANG Jie, WANG Zhong-chang, ZHANG Kai. Room-temperature terahertz photodetectors based on black arsenic-phosphorus[J]. Chinese Optics, 2021, 14(1): 182-195. doi: 10.37188/CO.2020-0175 |
Terahertz (THz) radiation is usually defined as electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 0.1 THz to 10 THz[1]. There are abundant interactions between THz waves and matter, which leads to plenty of THz applications in fundamental research on nondestructive tests, biomedical imaging, atmospheric observation, process control, homeland security and space communications[2-4]. The development of a reliable room-temperature (RT) THz detector is of utmost importance for these THz applications. However, constrained by the low photon energy of a THz wave (a few meV) and the strong background thermal noise at RT, traditional photodetection excited by electron-hole pairs in semiconductors are not suitable for THz photons[5]. Therefore, the basic detection mechanisms of THz photodetectors at RT should be explored. During the past two decades, many different RT THz detection technologies based on distinctive physical mechanisms have been developed. Amongst them, the most important architectures presently depend on High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs)[6], Schottky barrier structures[7], bolometers[8] and Field Effect Transistors (FETs)[9]. For these architectures, FET-based THz detectors have great potential for a high-performance (fast response and high-frequency operation) and cost-effective THz detector, which also can be fabricated with a standard Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) or silicon technology[10]. To date, the photodetection of THz waves in an FET can be achieved via three main mechanisms: Plasma-Waves rectification (PW), the Photo-Thermoelectric Effect (PTE) and bolometric detection[11-13]. The PW mechanism was first proposed by Dyakonov and Shu in the 1990s[14] and can conventionally operate at RT via rectification of the plasma waves in the FET channel using the ac electromagnetic field. The bolometric process is related to the change in the FET channel’s conductivity caused by the heat of the lattice produced by photon absorption[15]. In the case of the PTE, photovoltage can be generated by a Seebeck coefficient difference and a temperature gradient within the FET channel[16]. A promising route to achieve sensitive THz detection using these mechanisms relies on a combination of the excellent properties of the chosen materials and the specific device’s structure. The dominant mechanism can be tailored through the design for the materials and structures. Therefore, it is necessary to explore various materials with potentially excellent properties to use as the active channels of the FET-based THz detectors.
Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, Transition-Metal Dichal Cogenides (TMDCs), Topological Insulators (TIs), Black Phosphorus (BP) and 2D arsenic have attracted enormous interest due to their unique and extraordinary electric and optical properties[17-23]. Increasing numbers of photodetectors based on 2D materials have been reported in the past few years. 2D materials are particularly promising candidates for THz photodetectors owing to their high carrier mobility, gate-tunable carrier concentration, strong light-matter interactions and plasma oscillation[24-26]. For instance, graphene and BP have been applied in asymmetrical antenna-coupled FET THz detectors utilizing plasma-wave mechanisms, and maximum RT responsivities of 30 V/W and 7.8 V/W were obtained at 0.3 THz, respectively[15, 27]. Leonardo Viti et al.[28] reported a PW THz detector based on the Bi2Te(3−x)Sex and achieved a maximum voltage responsivity of 3.0 V/W via topological insulator surface states. In addition, the RT current responsivity of 10 mA/W at 2.52 THz was realized in the MoS2.19-based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) structure THz detector[29]. Black arsenic-phosphorus (b-AsxP1−x), a newly discovered 2D material similar to BP, has attracted growing attention[30, 31]. In contrast to graphene and other 2D materials, b-AsxP1−x has a finite direct band gap that allows for suppressed dark currents, which are desirable for a wealth of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Meanwhile, it exhibits a tunable band gap from 0.3 eV to 0.15 eV and different optical properties by varying the chemical composition of arsenic (b-AsxP1−x, x from 0 to 0.83). This energy range suggests that b-AsxP1−x can be extended for the detection of wavelengths from 4 μm to 8 μm (long-wavelength infrared, LWIR). Recent research on b-AsxP1−x mainly focuses on LWIR detection, while the detection of THz has not yet been applied[32-34]. The tunable band gap of b-AsxP1−x can be exploited to selectively control the detection dynamics in the active channel and achieve efficient detection of THz waves at RT.
In this work, we demonstrated efficient antenna-coupled RT THz detectors based on a mechanically exfoliated multilayer b-AsxP1−x and studied its THz response characteristics. We found that the detection mechanism of the detector can be tailored by varying the chemical composition of b-AsxP1−x, and a competitive relationship in these mechanisms was revealed. More significantly, the best response performance of the detector can be obtained when the band gap and the carrier mobility of the materials achieve an equilibrium. We fabricated b-AsxP1−x detectors with different components (x = 0, 0.1 and 0.5) and found that the optimal response performance was obtained in the b-As0.1P0.9 detector with responsivities of 28.23 V/W at 0.37 THz. It is worth noting that this is the first time that a THz wave is detected with a detector based on black arsenic-phosphorus.
The high-quality b-AsxP1−x (x values of 0, 0.1 and 0.5) crystals were synthesized by a Chemical Vapor Transport (CVT) method similar to that of our previous report[35]. A High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) image and a Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern were obtained from a TEM (Tecnai G2 F20 S-Twin) to characterize the crystals ’ structures and qualities. The elemental composition and distribution of synthesized materials were measured using their Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum and elemental mappings were performed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Quanta FEG 250). The Raman spectrum was taken from a micro-Raman system (LABRAM HR) with a visible laser (λ = 532 nm) through a 100× objective lens. The morphology and thickness of all flakes were characterized using a combination of the results of an optical microscope (Nikon Eclipse LV100ND) and an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM, Dimension ICON). To investigate the band gaps of the b-AsxP1−x, the infrared absorption spectroscopy was taken on a Bruker Optics Fourier Transfer Infrared spectrometer (Vertex 70) integrated with a Hyperion 1000 microscope system.
The b-AsxP1−x detectors were fabricated by adopting standard e-beam lithography techniques. The b-AsxP1−x flakes were prepared by the mechanical exfoliation method on a high resistance (ρ > 20000 Ωcm) intrinsic Si substrate with 285-nm SiO2. The flakes with a thickness of about 10~15 nm were chosen by observing high-contrast optical microscope images and finally confirmed by AFM. The source and drain contact patterns were defined via Electron-Beam Lithography (EBL, JEOL JBX 5500), and then an Electron-Beam Evaporator (EBE, Ulvac Ei-5Z) was used to evaporate Cr/Au (10/70 nm) films, after which they underwent a lift-off process in acetone to form the source and drain electrodes. A 70 nm thick SiO2 as top-gate dielectric layer was then deposited on the samples using EBL and inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICPCVD, Oxford Plasmalab system 100). Finally, a Cr/Au (10/70 nm) layer was evaporated onto the oxide layer to form a top-gate electrode similar to the source/drain electrode. In order to avoid the oxidation of b-AsxP1−x, the time of exposure to the ambient environment was controlled to be within one hour before the dielectric layer was deposited. The electrical characteristics of the detectors were measured at RT during ambient conditions by a probe station (Cascade M150) equipped with a semiconductor parameter analyzer (Keithley 4200).
In order to investigate the THz response of the detector, a system of THz detection was established. In the system, we employ a microwave source equipped with a Schottky-barrier-diode frequency multiplier chain (VDI WR-2.2), operating in the frequency ranges 0.24~0.38 THz. The THz radiation was then collected, collimated and focused by a set of two Off-Axis Parabolic (OAP) mirrors onto the detector surface with a spot of 2 mm in diameter. The power of the incident THz (Pt) at the device’s position, which was measured as a function of output frequency by a Golay cell (Tydex GC-1P), ranged between 30 μW and 370 μW. The photoresponse was measured in a photocurrent mode, where the source electrode was grounded, and different gate voltages were applied by a DC voltage source (Yokogawa 7651) to obtain the maximum photocurrent (Iph). The photocurrent response signal was measured at the drain electrode by means of a low-noise current preamplifier (DL1211) to amplify the photocurrent, which was followed by a lock-in amplifier (LIA, Signal Recovery 7265) with an integration time of 200 ms and a signal analyzer (SR770) to record the photocurrent signal and the noise spectral density, respectively. The value of Iph can be calculated from the signal recorded on the lock-in (LIA) through the mathematical relation Iph = 2.2 LIA/Gn, where Gn (107) is the gain factor and 2.2 accounts for the square wave modulation.
The b-AsxP1−x has an orthorhombic crystal structure (A17 type structure) with a puckered honeycomb arrangement of As and P atoms. The top and side view of the crystal structure is shown in Fig. 1(a) (color online). In order to illustrate the structure and quality of the b-AsxP1−x crystals, the b-As0.1P0.9 was characterized by TEM. Fig. 1(b) gives the HRTEM image, exhibiting the orthorhombic atomic lattice fringes and the good crystallinity of the crystals. The interplanar spacing of 0.35 nm and 0.39 nm could be measured from the HRTEM, corresponding to the (100) and (0
The Raman spectroscopy measurements of a few layered b-AsxP1−x and BP samples are shown in Fig. 1(e). It is obvious that the Raman spectra of BP present three characteristic peaks at 362, 438, and 466 cm−1, corresponding to the
To explore the THz response properties of b-AsxP1−x, antenna-coupled FET detectors were fabricated. In order to induce the strongly localized THz fields in the active channel, the bow-tie antenna was chosen. Fig. 2(a) displays the schema of the device. It can be seen that the detector consists of three block antennas, each block is of a dipole antenna. The antenna length L = 139 μm, which determines the center response frequency of 0.34 THz. To investigate the THz response of the detector, a system of THz detection was established. The schematic diagram of this system is shown in Fig. 2(b). We employed a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method to simulate the spatial distribution of the THz electric field for the antenna structure. The corresponding field distribution was plotted on a 2D color scale image as shown in Fig. 2(c) (color online). The THz electric field is strongly distributed at the edge of the gated channel and the THz field on the drain side is stronger than that on the source side. This proved that the antenna can achieve the asymmetric feeding of the ac field into the channel, and finally resulted in a photocurrent signal in the active channel. The detectors were then fabricated on b-AsxP1−x flakes with thickness of ~15 nm, then prepared onto the Si/SiO2 substrate by the mechanical exfoliation method (the AFM images are shown in Fig. S1 (c-d), Supporting Information). The S-antenna, D-antenna and G-antenna were defined with a combination of EBL and EBE (for more details see the Experimental Section), and also acted as the source, drain and gate electrodes of the FET detector, respectively. In this configuration, a 70 nm thick SiO2 was deposited as the dielectric layer to modulate the carrier concentration of the channel. Fig. 2(d-e) shows the false-color SEM images of the device structure. Its channel length is LC = 2.5 μm, its gate length has been set to LG = 500 nm and its channel width is W = 4 μm.
Before the optical testing, the RT electrical properties of the as-fabricated b-AsxP1−x detectors were measured by the Keithley 4200. Fig.3(a) and 3(c) display the output characteristics with different top-gate voltages (VG, ranging from −6 to 6 V with steps of 3 V) for the b-As0.1P0.9 and b-As0.5P0.5 detectors, respectively. It shows a linear relationship between the source-drain current (IDS) and source-drain voltage (VDS) at the different VG, indicating good Ohmic contact between the b-AsxP1−x flakes and the metal electrodes. Furthermore, the transfer characteristics with a fixed VDS (50 mV) are presented in Fig.3(b) and 3(d), exhibiting typical p-type transport behavior.
The field-effect hole mobility of the b-AsxP1−x device can be calculated by the following equation:
μ=dIDSdVG⋅LW⋅1COXVDS, |
(1) |
where L and W are the channel length and width, respectively, and
The photoresponsivity of the as-fabricated b-AsxP1−x detectors were characterized by illuminating the detectors using a tunable THz source with a spectral range of 0.24 THz to 0.38 THz (more details see the Experimental Section), as shown in Fig. 4. The voltage responsivity (RV) of the detector can be extracted from Iph via the relation RV = Iph·R/(Pt·Sd/Sb), where R is the resistance of the detector measured by the Keithley 4200, Sb is the THz beam spot area (Sb = πr2, where r is the radius of the beam spot) and Sd is the detector’s active area. The whole area of the 139-μm antenna is smaller than that of the diffraction-limited one (Sλ), hence we assume the Sd = Sλ = λ2/4 (where λ is the wavelength of the incident THz wave). The incident radiation frequency dependence of the RV is measured at VG = 0 V and is shown in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(c) for b-As0.1P0.9 and b-As0.5P0.5, respectively. In order to obtain maximum responsivity, the source electric-field polarization must be parallel to the antenna’s axis. As shown, the RV is a function of the frequency and has several clear response peaks for all curves, indicating the broadband nature of the bow-tie antenna. Fig. 4 (b) plots the RV as a function of the VG at 0.37 THz (the optimal frequency was selected from Fig. 4(a)) in the b-As0.1P0.9 detector with a maximum RV = 28.23 V/W while VG = −2.96 V. Meanwhile, the VG dependence of the RV at 0.34 THz (selected from Fig. 4(c)) for the b-As0.5P0.5 detector is shown in Fig. 4(d). The maximum RV = 2.42 V/W at VG = 4.13 V was obtained from the curve. For comparison, the THz response of the BP detector was measured, and the maximum RV was found to be about 8.1 V/W at 0.27 THz.
The detection mechanisms can be explained by the self-mixing theory, similar to previous reports[9]. The schematic diagram of the detector based on this mechanism is shown in Fig. 5 (a). The mechanism is identical to the PW mechanism. The oscillating electric field of incoming THz radiation is coupled asymmetrically between the source and gate electrodes via the bow-tie antenna, which excites plasma-waves oscillations, which in turn generate a horizontal (Ex) and vertical (Ez) driving electric field with a phase difference (φ) in the FET channel. Moreover, the driving electric field produces a modulation of drift velocity and carrier density, resulting in a mixing photocurrent (Iph).
The responsivity can be expressed as[36]:
RV=eμWR2LZ0{¯zL∫0dndVgeff˙ξx˙ξzcosϕdx−L∫0dndVgeff˙ξx˙ξzdx}, |
(2) |
which is related to the detector’s structure (antenna geometry) and the material’s characteristics (carrier mobility μ). In our experiment, all of the detectors have the same antenna structure and fabrication process, so the RV should be related to the channel’s conductivity with respect to VG: 1/σ·dσ/dVG (the curves are shown in Fig.S4 (a-b)). The electrical properties of b-AsxP1−x show that the hole mobility decreases from 725 cm2/V·s (for BP detector) to 79 cm2/V·s (for b-As0.5P0.5 detector). Therefore, the RV should decrease with an increase in the concentration of As atoms. We note that the RV did increase first and then decrease with an increase in the concentration of As atoms, and the maximum RV was obtained in the b-As0.1P0.9 detector, which is not consistent with our expectations of the mechanism. There should be a contrary effect in this detection process. Because the b-AsxP1−x is a narrow gap semiconductor, and the detector is based on a metal-semiconductor-metal structure, the Electromagnetic Induced Well (EIW) theory must also be considered[5, 37], as shown in Fig. 5 (b). There is a well induced by the THz field that traps the carriers and changes the conductivity of the semiconductor to achieve THz detection. The EIW theory is related to the band gap (Eg) of the semiconductor, due to the relationship between the change of carrier concentration and Eg: Δn(Δh)∝exp(-Eg/kT)[38], indicating that the smaller Eg can induce a higher fluctuation in carrier concentration. For our experiment, the higher the concentration of As atoms, the smaller the Eg of b-AsxP1−x, but the lower the field-effect hole mobility. This means that it should be able to compromise for those two parameters. The characterization results of the materials and detectors show that the b-As0.1P0.9 has a narrower Eg (~0.3 eV) than BP and higher mobility (~159 cm2/V·s) than b-As0.5P0.5. It ensures an ideal trade-off between the mobility and the carrier concentration fluctuation, so the b-As0.1P0.9 detector displays a higher RV at 28.23 V/W than the BP and b-As0.5P0.5 detectors.
Another important parameter to estimate the sensitivity of the THz detector is the Noise-Equivalent Power (NEP), which is usually defined as the minimum detectable power of a detector with a unitary signal-to-noise ratio in a 1 Hz bandwidth[39]. The value of the NEP can be calculated from the voltage noise spectral density (NV) and RV via the mathematical relationship NEP = NV/RV. The main noise NV is dominated by the thermal Johnson-Nyquist noise due to our device having a zero bias under optoelectronic testing. The NV was measured by a signal analyzer, as shown in the inset of Fig. 6(a) and 6(b) (for more details see the Experimental Section). Fig. 6(a)-(b) plots the measured NEP as a function of VG, minimum NEP ’s of 0.53 nW/Hz1/2 and 2.61 nW/Hz1/2 have been attained with the b-As0.1P0.9 and b-As0.5P0.5 detectors, respectively. It should be noted that these values are an upper limit, because we assume that all of power incident on the antenna is coupled to the detector channel, not taking into account the coupling losses related to the impedance match.
Finally, the terahertz transmission images were obtained with a single-pixel b-As0.1P0.9 detector at 0.37 THz, as shown in Fig. 6(c)-(d). As the test objects, we selected a key and a pair of metal scissors inside an envelope, respectively. Fig. 6(c) shows the terahertz image of the key, consisting of 80×40 scanned points and the step size was 1mm×1mm. To minimize the noise and obtain the optimal image, the detected signal was interpreted via a lock-in amplifier with an integration time of 200 ms similar to the optoelectronic test. The shape of the key is clearly revealed, with a reasonably good spatial resolution (1 mm2). The transmission image of the scissors with a total of 70×90 pixels is also exhibited in Fig. 6(d), allowing us to find the concealed threats and implement security checks. These results show that our detector can be exploited in a realistic situation, enabling large-area imaging of macroscopic samples.
In conclusion, we demonstrated a RT THz photodetector based on exfoliated flakes of b-AsxP1−x (x = 0, 0.1 and 0.5) for the first time. The tunable band gap and transport characteristics of b-AsxP1−x enables efficient control of the detection mechanisms in the detector. In the experiment, the PW theory and EIW theory were found to be the primary source of the THz response signal, and there is a competitive relationship between them. We found that the PW and EIW theory are related to the carrier mobility and band gap, respectively, and the b-As0.1P0.9 possesses an ideal equilibrium between the two parameters. The optimal response performance was realized in the b-As0.1P0.9 detector, which shows a maximum RV of 28.23 V/W and a minimum NEP of 0.53 nW/Hz1/2 at 0.37 THz. This work implies that b-AsxP1−x has great potential for THz photodetector due to its tunable electronic and optical properties as well as its promising THz response performance.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61927813, 61875223, 61922082) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFE015700). The support from the Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X) of the Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences is also acknowledged.
Supporting Information
[1] |
GUO W L, WANG L, CHEN X SH, et al. Graphene-based broadband terahertz detector integrated with a square-spiral antenna[J]. Optics Letters, 2018, 43(8): 1647-1650. doi: 10.1364/OL.43.001647
|
[2] |
CASTILLA S, TERRÉS B, AUTORE M, et al. Fast and sensitive terahertz detection using an antenna-integrated graphene pn junction[J]. Nano Letters, 2019, 19(5): 2765-2773. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04171
|
[3] |
VITI L, PURDIE D G, LOMBARDO A, et al. HBN-encapsulated, graphene-based, room-temperature terahertz receivers, with high speed and low noise[J]. Nano Letters, 2020, 20(5): 3169-3177. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05207
|
[4] |
LIU CH L, WANG L, CHEN X SH, et al. Room-temperature photoconduction assisted by hot-carriers in graphene for sub-terahertz detection[J]. Carbon, 2018, 130: 233-240. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.01.020
|
[5] |
HUANG ZH M, TONG J CH, HUANG J G, et al. Room-temperature photoconductivity far below the semiconductor bandgap[J]. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(38): 6594-6598. doi: 10.1002/adma.201402352
|
[6] |
CHEREDNICHENKO S, HAMMAR A, BEVILACQUA S, et al. A room temperature bolometer for terahertz coherent and incoherent detection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 2011, 1(2): 395-402. doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2011.2164654
|
[7] |
SAKHNO M, GOLENKOV A, SIZOV F. Uncooled detector challenges: millimeter-wave and terahertz long channel field effect transistor and Schottky barrier diode detectors[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2013, 114(16): 164503. doi: 10.1063/1.4826364
|
[8] |
ROGALSKI A, SIZOV F. Terahertz detectors and focal plane arrays[J]. Opto-Electronics Review, 2011, 19(3): 346-404.
|
[9] |
SUN Y F, SUN J D, ZHOU Y, et al. Room temperature GaN/AlGaN self-mixing terahertz detector enhanced by resonant antennas[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2011, 98(25): 252103. doi: 10.1063/1.3601489
|
[10] |
VITI L, POLITANO A, VITIELLO M S. Black phosphorus nanodevices at terahertz frequencies: photodetectors and future challenges[J]. APL Materials, 2017, 5(3): 035602. doi: 10.1063/1.4979090
|
[11] |
VICARELLI L, VITIELLO M S, COQUILLAT D, et al. Graphene field-effect transistors as room-temperature terahertz detectors[J]. Nature Materials, 2012, 11(10): 865-871. doi: 10.1038/nmat3417
|
[12] |
GUO W L, DONG ZH, XU Y J, et al. Sensitive terahertz detection and imaging driven by the photothermoelectric effect in ultrashort-channel black phosphorus devices[J]. Advanced Science, 2020, 7(5): 1902699. doi: 10.1002/advs.201902699
|
[13] |
TREDICUCCI A, VITIELLO M S. Device concepts for graphene-based terahertz photonics[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2014, 20(1): 8500109.
|
[14] |
DYAKONOV M, SHUR M. Shallow water analogy for a ballistic field effect transistor: new mechanism of plasma wave generation by dc current[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1993, 71(15): 2465-2468. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2465
|
[15] |
VITI L, HU J, COQUILLAT D, et al. Efficient Terahertz detection in black-phosphorus nano-transistors with selective and controllable plasma-wave, bolometric and thermoelectric response[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 20474. doi: 10.1038/srep20474
|
[16] |
CAI X H, SUSHKOV A B, SUESS R J, et al. Sensitive room-temperature terahertz detection via the photothermoelectric effect in graphene[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2014, 9(10): 814-819. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.182
|
[17] |
NOVOSELOV K S, GEIM A K, MOROZOV S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J]. Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666-669. doi: 10.1126/science.1102896
|
[18] |
MANZELI S, OVCHINNIKOV D, PASQUIER D, et al. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2(8): 17033. doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.33
|
[19] |
MELLNIK A R, LEE J S, RICHARDELLA A, et al. Spin-transfer torque generated by a topological insulator[J]. Nature, 2014, 511(7510): 449-451. doi: 10.1038/nature13534
|
[20] |
LI L K, YU Y J, YE G J, et al. Black phosphorus field-effect transistors[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2014, 9(5): 372-377. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.35
|
[21] |
HU Y, QI ZH H, LU J Y, et al. van der Waals epitaxial growth and interfacial passivation of two-dimensional single-crystalline few-layer gray arsenic nanoflakes[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(12): 4524-4535. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01151
|
[22] |
QI ZH H, HU Y, JIN ZH, et al. Tuning the liquid-phase exfoliation of arsenic nanosheets by interaction with various solvents[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2019, 21(23): 12087-12090. doi: 10.1039/C9CP01052A
|
[23] |
WANG X X, HU Y, MO J B, et al. Arsenene: a potential therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells by acting on nuclear proteins[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2020, 59(13): 5151-5158. doi: 10.1002/anie.201913675
|
[24] |
BANDURIN D A, SVINTSOV D, GAYDUCHENKO I, et al. Resonant terahertz detection using graphene plasmons[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 5392. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07848-w
|
[25] |
LIU CH L, WANG L, CHEN X SH, et al. Top-gated black phosphorus phototransistor for sensitive broadband detection[J]. Nanoscale, 2018, 10(13): 5852-5858. doi: 10.1039/C7NR09545G
|
[26] |
TANG W W, POLITANO A, GUO CH, et al. Ultrasensitive room-temperature terahertz direct detection based on a bismuth selenide topological insulator[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(31): 1801786. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201801786
|
[27] |
QIN H, SUN J D, LIANG SH X, et al. Room-temperature, low-impedance and high-sensitivity terahertz direct detector based on bilayer graphene field-effect transistor[J]. Carbon, 2017, 116: 760-765. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.037
|
[28] |
VITI L, COQUILLAT D, POLITANO A, et al. Plasma-wave terahertz detection mediated by topological insulators surface states[J]. Nano Letters, 2016, 16(1): 80-87. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02901
|
[29] |
XIE Y, LIANG F, CHI SH M, et al. Defect engineering of MoS2 for room-temperature terahertz photodetection[J]. ACS Applied Materials &Interfaces, 2020, 12(6): 7351-7357.
|
[30] |
LIU B L, KÖPF M, ABBAS A N, et al. Black arsenic-phosphorus: layered anisotropic infrared semiconductors with highly tunable compositions and properties[J]. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(30): 4423-4429. doi: 10.1002/adma.201501758
|
[31] |
PRADHAN N R, GARCIA C, LUCKING M C, et al. Raman and electrical transport properties of few-layered arsenic-doped black phosphorus[J]. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(39): 18449-18463. doi: 10.1039/C9NR04598H
|
[32] |
LONG M SH, GAO A Y, WANG P, et al. Room temperature high-detectivity mid-infrared photodetectors based on black arsenic phosphorus[J]. Science Advances, 2017, 3(6): e1700589. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700589
|
[33] |
TAN W C, HUANG L, NG R J, et al. A black phosphorus carbide infrared phototransistor[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(6): 1705039. doi: 10.1002/adma.201705039
|
[34] |
WU F, XIA H, SUN H D, et al. AsP/InSe van der waals tunneling heterojunctions with ultrahigh reverse rectification ratio and high photosensitivity[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(12): 1900314. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201900314
|
[35] |
SHI X Y, WANG T, WANG J, et al. Synthesis of black arsenic-phosphorus and its application for Er-doped fiber ultrashort laser generation[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2019, 9(5): 2348-2357. doi: 10.1364/OME.9.002348
|
[36] |
SUN J D, QIN H, LEWIS R A, et al. Probing and modelling the localized self-mixing in a GaN/AlGaN field-effect terahertz detector[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 100(17): 173513. doi: 10.1063/1.4705306
|
[37] |
WU C Y, ZHOU W, YAO N J, et al. Silicon-based high sensitivity of room-temperature microwave and sub-terahertz detector[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 052013. doi: 10.7567/1882-0786/ab14fc
|
[38] |
LI S S. Semiconductor Physical Electronics[M]. Boston, MA: Springer, 1993.
|
[39] |
SUN J D, FENG W, DING Q F, et al. Smaller antenna-gate gap for higher sensitivity of GaN/AlGaN HEMT terahertz detectors[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2020, 116(16): 161109. doi: 10.1063/1.5142436
|
[1] | WANG Zi-jing, LI Xiang-jun, YAN De-xian. Terahertz broadband absorption spectrum enhancement based on asymmetric dielectric meta-grating on a metal substrate[J]. Chinese Optics. doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0197 |
[2] | WANG Yu, LIU Yang, HAO Xiao-yu, ZHENG Si-yu, LIU Meng, ZHANG Yu-ping, ZHAN Yi, ZHANG Hui-yun. Independent dual-band bound states in the continuum based on terahertz all-dielectric metasurfaces[J]. Chinese Optics. doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0004 |
[3] | HAO Xiao-yu, ZHENG Si-yu, WANG Yu, LIU Yang, LIU Meng, ZHANG Yu-ping, ZHANG Jin-juan, ZHAN Yi, ZHANG Hui-yun. Tunable reflective spin-decoupled encoding metasurface based on Dirac semimetals[J]. Chinese Optics. doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0037 |
[4] | CHEN Xiang-xue, FU Zi-qin, WANG Feng-chao, CHEN Jin, YANG Jing. Terahertz band-stop filter with H-type structure[J]. Chinese Optics, 2024, 17(4): 757-763. doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0179 |
[5] | LV Ting-ting, FU Tian-shu, LIU Dong-ming, SHI Jin-hui. Bandwidth-tunable terahertz metamaterial half-wave plate component[J]. Chinese Optics, 2023, 16(3): 701-714. doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0198 |
[6] | CAO Bing-hua, ZHANG Yu-meng, FAN Meng-bao, SUN Feng-shan, LIU Lin. Research progress of terahertz super-resolution imaging[J]. Chinese Optics, 2022, 15(3): 405-417. doi: 10.37188/CO.2021-0198 |
[7] | LI Xiang-jun, MA Chan, YAN De-xian, QIU Guo-hua, ZHAO Yang, YANG Ji, GUO Shi-hui. Enhancement of terahertz absorption spectrum based on the angle multiplexing of the dielectric metasurface[J]. Chinese Optics, 2022, 15(4): 731-739. doi: 10.37188/CO.2021-0197 |
[8] | HU Si-qi, TIAN Rui-juan, GAN Xue-tao. Two-dimensional material photodetector for hybrid silicon photonics[J]. Chinese Optics, 2021, 14(5): 1039-1055. doi: 10.37188/CO.2021-0003 |
[9] | WANG Xiao-Dong, YAN Wei, LI Zhao-feng, ZHANG Bo-wen, HUANG Zhen, YANG Fu-hua. Application of planar antenna in field-effect transistor terahertz detectors[J]. Chinese Optics, 2020, 13(1): 1-13. doi: 10.3788/CO.20201301.0001 |
[10] | XU De-gang, ZHU Xian-li, HE Yi-xin, WANG Yu-ye, YAO Jian-quan. Advances in organic nonlinear crystals and ultra-wideband terahertz radiation sources[J]. Chinese Optics, 2019, 12(3): 535-558. doi: 10.3788/CO.20191203.0535 |
[11] | GOMON Daniel, SEDYKH Egor, RODRÍGUEZ Sebastián, IDELFONSO Tafur Monroy, ZAITSEV Kirill, VOZIANOVA Anna, KHODZITSKY Mikhail. Influence of the geometric parameters of the electrical ring resonator metasurface on the performance of metamaterial absorbers for terahertz applications[J]. Chinese Optics, 2018, 11(1): 47-59. doi: 10.3788/CO.20181101.0047 |
[12] | GREBENCHUKOV Alexander N, ZAITSEV Anton D, KHODZITSKY Mikhail K. Optically controlled narrowband terahertz switcher based on graphene[J]. Chinese Optics, 2018, 11(2): 166-173. doi: 10.3788/CO.20181102.0166 |
[13] | ZHANG Lei, LIU Shuo, CUI Tie-jun. Theory and application of coding metamaterials[J]. Chinese Optics, 2017, 10(1): 1-12. doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0001 |
[14] | TAN Zhi-yong, WAN Wen-jian, LI Hua, CAO Jun-cheng. Progress in real-time imaging based on terahertz quantum-cascade lasers[J]. Chinese Optics, 2017, 10(1): 68-76. doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0068 |
[15] | CHEN Xie-yu, TIAN Zhen. Recent progress in terahertz dynamic modulation based on graphene[J]. Chinese Optics, 2017, 10(1): 86-97. doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0086 |
[16] | SHI Jing, WANG Xin-ke, ZHENG Xian-hua, HE Jing-wen, WANG Sen, XIE Zhen-wei, CUI Ye, YE Jia-sheng, SUN Wen-feng, FENG Sheng-fei, HAN Peng, ZHANG Yan. Recent advances in terahertz digital holography[J]. Chinese Optics, 2017, 10(1): 131-147. doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0131 |
[17] | HU Wei-dong, JI Jin-jia, LIU Rui-ting, WANG Wen-qi, Leo P. LIGTHART. Terahertz atmosphere remote sensing[J]. Chinese Optics, 2017, 10(5): 656-665. doi: 10.3788/CO.20171005.0656 |
[18] | QIN Hua, HUANG Yong-dan, SUN Jian-dong, ZHANG Zhi-peng, YU Yao, LI Xiang, SUN Yun-fei. Terahertz-wave devices based on plasmons in two-dimensional electron gas[J]. Chinese Optics, 2017, 10(1): 51-67. doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0051 |
[19] | ZHANG Jian-fa, YUAN Xiao-dong, QIN Shi-qiao. Tunable terahertz and optical metamaterials[J]. Chinese Optics, 2014, 7(3): 349-364. doi: 10.3788/CO.20140703.0349 |
[20] | WEN Qi-ye, XIE Yun-song, ZHANG Huai-wu, YANG Qing-hui, LIU Bao-yuan. Strong dual band metamaterial absorber in terahertz regime[J]. Chinese Optics, 2010, 3(1): 70-74. |