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Multi-objective parameter optimization of abrasive water jet polishing for fused silica
LI Qian, YAO Peng, DENG Hong-xing, FENG Chen-yu, XU Chong-hai, QU Shuo-shuo, YANG Yu-ying, ZHU Hong-tao, HUANG Chuan-zhen
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0006
Abstract(10) FullText HTML(5) PDF 4089KB(1)
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As a non-contact ultra-precision machining method, abrasive water jet polishing (AWJP) has significant application in optical elements processing due to its stable tool influence function (TIF), no subsurface damage and strong adaptability to workpiece shapes. In this study, the effects of jet pressure, nozzle diameter and impinging angle on the distribution of pressure, velocity and wall shear stress in the polishing flow field were systematically analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Based on the Box-Behnken experimental design, a response surface regression model was constructed to investigate the influence mechanism of process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) of fused silica. And experimental results showed that increasing jet pressure and nozzle diameter significantly improved MRR, consistent with shear stress distribution revealed by CFD simulations. However, increasing jet pressure and impinging angle caused higher Ra values, which was unfavorable for surface quality improvement. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used for multi-objective optimization to establish Pareto solutions, achieving concurrent optimization of polishing efficiency and surface quality. A parameter combination of 2 MPa jet pressure, 0.3 mm nozzle diameter, and 30° impinging angle achieved MRR of 169.05 μm³/s and Ra of 0.50 nm. Experimental verification showed prediction errors of 4.4% (MRR) and 3.8% (Ra), confirming model reliability. This parameter optimization system provides theoretical basis and technical support for ultra-precision polishing of complex curved optical components.

Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy CO gas sensor Integrating Principal Component Analysis with Savitzky-Golay Filtering
GUO Zi-long, SHI Cheng-rui, 媛媛 董, 磊 张, 晓园 孙, SUN Jing-jing, 胜 周
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0032
Abstract(7) PDF 2322KB(1)
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SG滤波器采用多项式最小二乘近似来平滑数据并估计导数,被广泛用于处理含噪声数据。然而,SG滤波器在数据边界和高频段的噪声抑制能力有限,导致信噪比(SNR)明显降低。为解决该问题,本文提出了一种将主成分分析法(PCA)与 SG滤波协同集成的新方法。这种方法避免了SG滤波较大窗口尺寸带来的过度平滑问题。所提出的PCA-SG滤波算法被应用于基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)的CO气体传感系统。通过与移动平均滤波(MAF)、小波变换(WT)、卡尔曼滤波(KF)和SG滤波器进行对比,验证了PCA-SG滤波算法的性能。结果表明,与所评估的其他算法相比,该算法表现出更优异的降噪能力。衰荡信号的信噪比从11.8612 dB提升至29.0913 dB,提取的衰荡时间常数的标准差从0.037 µs降低至0.018 µs。这些结果表明,所提出的PCA-SG滤波算法有效提高了衰荡曲线数据的平滑度,证明了其可行性。
Detection of co-phasing error in segmented mirror based on extended Young's interferometry combined with Vision Transformer
银岭 刘, Chi Yao, 尚韬 欧阳, Yirong Wan, 莫 陈, 斌 李
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0030
Abstract(9) PDF 180KB(0)
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由于单块镜难以达到10 m级水平,拼接镜已成为现代天文研究中不可或缺的工具。然而,为了达到单块镜的成像能力,拼接子镜之间必须保持高度共相,piston误差作为影响分段镜成像质量的关键因素,亟需进行高效、精确的检测。针对目前圆孔衍射结合双波长算法易受偏心误差干扰,传统卷积神经网络(CNN)局部感受野难以捕捉大量程误差下全局特征的问题,本文提出了一种融合扩展杨氏干涉原理与Vision Transformer(ViT)的平移误差检测新方法。通过双孔对称布局抑制偏心误差的干扰,结合589nm和600nm的双波长消模糊算法将检测量程扩展至±7.95μm,并基于ViT的自注意力机制建模干涉条纹的全局特征,相较于CNN依赖局部卷积核的局限性,ViT 显著提高了对干涉图中周期性变化的灵敏度。仿真结果表明,该方法在高斯噪声(SNR≥15 dB)、泊松噪声(λ≥9 photons/pixel)及子镜间隙误差(E₉ₐₚ≤0.2)干扰下能够在[-7.95μm, 7.95μm]范围内实现5nm的检测精度,同时保持95%以上的准确率,相较于互相关算法检测速度有较大提升。本研究为拼接镜误差检测提供了一种高精度、高鲁棒性的创新技术路线,为高精度天文观测提供了理论支持。
Synchronized capture of 3D shape and color texture based on phase-shifting profilometry
素珍 王, 苇 仵, 怡心 季, 龙祥 张, 建华 王
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0014
Abstract(7) PDF 963KB(0)
Abstract:
In recent years, the demand for synchronous acquisition of three-dimensional (3D) shape and color texture has surged in fields such as cultural heritage preservation and healthcare. Addressing this need, this paper proposes a novel method for simultaneous 3D shape and color texture capture. First, a linear model correlating camera exposure time with grayscale values is established. Through exposure time calibration, the projected red, green and blue (RGB) light and white-light grayscale values captured by a monochrome camera are aligned. Then, three sets of color fringes are projected onto the object to identify optimal pixels for 3D reconstruction. And, three pure-color patterns are projected to synthesize the color texture. Experimental results show that this method effectively achieves synchronous 3D shape and color texture acquisition, offering high speed and precision. And using a monochrome camera avoids color crosstalk interference common in 3D reconstruction of colored objects.
动态扫描场景下GM-APD激光雷达点云高精度配准方法研究
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0073
Abstract(18) PDF 6930KB(0)
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本研究针对盖革雪崩光电二极管(Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode,GM-APD)激光雷达在动态扫描场景下相邻帧点云重叠率低、易强制配准非匹配点对的问题,提出了一种基于双向匹配机制和多分辨率邻域扩展的改进ICP算法,以提高点云配准精度和鲁棒性。首先,通过基于K-D tree的双向匹配机制提取相邻帧点云的重叠区域,利用重叠区域信息建立初始配准模型,解决了低重叠率场景下配准精度下降的问题。其次,采用多分辨率邻域扩展技术,结合局部曲率相似性加权求解变换矩阵,避免了动态配准中强制对齐非匹配点对的现象。最后,通过级联补偿机制实现全局点云的精确配准。实验结果表明,在2km和400m扫描成像中,平均距离误差分别为0.21m和0.10m。该方案有效解决了动态扫描场景下的点云配准难题,为三维重构提供了高精度数据支持,具有重要应用价值。
Error correction of complex texture objects based on bidirectional fringe projection point cloud fitting
ZHANG Zheng-qi, CHEN Yu-chong, DA Fei-peng, GAI Shao-yan
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0040
Abstract(73) FullText HTML(14) PDF 8232KB(3)
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In structured light 3D measurement systems, defocusing of the camera is inevitable. Because of camera defocus, the object’s complex surface texture introduces substantial phase errors, degrading measurement accuracy. To address this issue, this paper analyzes and formulates an error model for phase distortions arising from complex textures, and elucidates how these phase errors quantitatively depend on the relative orientation between fringe patterns and surface texture. Thus, a correction method for complex texture errors based on bidirectional fringe projection point cloud fitting is proposed. Theoretically, the point clouds obtained in both directions should coincide. Thus, the method corrects the phase by minimizing the Euclidean distance between the corresponding points in the two point clouds, ultimately yielding the corrected point cloud. To remove global shifts from calibration parameter errors, a pre-correction process is applied through point cloud matching. In comparative experiments, our method achieves up to 33.6% reduction in the mean absolute error (MAE) and 39.1% reduction in the root mean square error (RMSE) versus conventional approaches. These results demonstrate its superior accuracy for reconstructing objects with complex texture.

Design of flow-phase single-molecule immunoassay detection system
HU Peng-tao, GAO Ruo-qian, GE Ming-feng, DONG Wen-fei, LI Li, SU Xin-ran
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0045
Abstract(95) FullText HTML(18) PDF 2973KB(5)
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This study develops a single-molecule immunoassay system for flow-phase samples to enable early tumor biomarker detection. The system includes an optical fluorescence imaging platform and an image processing algorithm. First, we developed a flow-phase single-molecule immunoassay method suitable for real-time detection of low-concentration, high-throughput samples. Second, we designed a fluorescence imaging platform compatible with microfluidic chips, incorporating optical filters and beam splitters to achieve high-resolution fluorescence imaging. Third, we optimized a feature-matching algorithm to effectively detect out-of-focus fluorescent particles. Experimental results demonstrate a detection limit of 0.001 pg/mL within a linear range of 0.001−1 pg/mL, with coefficient of variation below 10%. The system can process up to 10 samples per hour. These findings indicate that our system meets the requirements for stable, sensitive, and high-throughput single-molecule detection, showing promising potential for early cancer screening.

Simultaneous measurement of radial angular displacement and longitudinal linear displacement with cascade metasurfaces
ZHANG Zhen-yu, ZHANG Wei, LIU Rui, ZHANG Jing-ying, LI Wen-hao
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0033
Abstract(118) FullText HTML(32) PDF 5323KB(8)
Abstract:

To solve the problem of existing metasurface displacement measurement techniques unable to measure multiple physical quantities simultaneously, this paper proposes a metasurface cascade structure that can measure radial angular displacement and longitudinal line displacement simultaneously. First, the working principle of displacement measurement is described according to the joint phase modulation of circular polarized light by a cascade metasurface. Second, the displacement information carried by the phase delay is analyzed using the Jones transport matrix, and the angular and linear displacements are mathematically characterized. Then, the design objective is used as a constraint to optimize unit structure parameters and create metasurface models. Finally, the finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the metasurface structures, validate the method's feasibility, and evaluate the device's measurement performance. The results show that the angular displacement sensitivity was 0.9716 with a theoretical resolution of 34.27 μrad, and the linear displacement sensitivity was 0.0041 with a theoretical resolution of 8.12 nm at the working wavelength of 633 nm. The measurement freedom of metasurface displacement measurement technology is improved by this method. It is hoped that it can be further expanded to six dimensions so that the measured target's entire attitude can be determined.

Broadband tunable operation of compact Yb:CGYA disordered crystal laser
WANG Kang, WU Wen-jie, ZHANG Pei-xiong, YIN Hao, ZHU Si-qi, LI Zhen, CHEN Zhen-qiang
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0029
Abstract(29) FullText HTML(9) PDF 3827KB(5)
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A Yb:CaGd0.33Y0.625AlO4 (Yb:CGYA) laser crystal of high optical quality has been successfully synthesized via the Czochralski method. The introduction of Gd3+ ions preserves the original structure and efficiently generates inhomogeneous broadening of the Yb3+ ion emission spectra. The fluorescence emission peak wavelength of the Yb:CGYA crystal is 1053 nm, and the corresponding measured full width at half-maximum is 93 nm. A tunable laser output ranging from 1017 nm to 1073 nm is achieved by using a birefringent filter, which represents the broadest tuning range reported in a short cavity to date. The compact laser offers great advantages for its applications around 1 μm.

Demodulation of Vernier-effect-based optical fiber strain sensor by using improved cross-correlation algorithm
LIU Bin, CAO Zhi-gang, WANG Xing-yun, LIN Zi-han, CHENG Rui, LIU Jun, SUN Yu-han, ZHENG Shu-jun, ZUO Cheng, LIN Ji-ping
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0024
Abstract(29) FullText HTML(13) PDF 855KB(5)
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The improved cross-correlation algorithm for the strain demodulation of Vernier-effect-based optical fiber sensor (VE-OFS) is proposed in this article. The algorithm identifies the most similar spectrum to the measured one from the database of the collected spectra by employing the cross-correlation operation, subsequently deriving the predicted value via weighted calculation. As the algorithm uses the complete information in the measured raw spectrum, more accurate results and larger measurement range can be obtained. Additionally, the improved cross-correlation algorithm also has the potential to improve the measurement speed compared to current standards due to the possibility for the collection using low sampling rate. This work presents an important algorithm towards a simpler, faster way to improve the demodulation performance of VE-OFS.

High anti-icing performance of coating-free superhydrophobic metal surfaces via femtosecond laser processing
CUI Lin-kun, YAN Dan-dan, ZOU Tingting, XU Jia-pei, ZHANG Bo, LI Lin, ZHANG Hao, XU Cai-xue, YANG Jian-jun
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0013
Abstract(31) FullText HTML(18) PDF 5700KB(5)
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As an efficient passive anti-icing method, the superhydrophobic surface can reduce icing process on metals in low temperatures. However, the usual organic low-surface-energy decorations are often prone to age especially in harsh environments, leading to a decrease or complete failure of the anti-icing performance. Here, we adopt a method of femtosecond laser microstructuring to achieve inorganic superhydrophobic aluminum alloys through simultaneously modifying the surface profile and compositions. The obtained bionic anthill tribe structure with the low thermal conductivity, exhibits the superior delayed freezing time (803.3 s) and the low ice adhesion (16 μN) in comparison to the fluorosilane modified and bare Al surfaces. Moreover, such an inherently superhydrophobic metal surface also shows the exceptional environmental durability in anti-icing performance, which confirms the effectiveness of our superhydrophobic surface without the need for organic coatings.

Review of methods to suppress the impacts of polarization properties on optical systems
LUO Jing, CHEN Xing-da, LV Ning-rui, TONG Ya-nan, LI Jing-yi, ZHANG Xiao-hui, DONG Ji-hong
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0066
Abstract(53) FullText HTML(16) PDF 11132KB(5)
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The polarization properties of optical systems enable to change the polarization state of incident light, thus imaging quality and detection accuracy would be affected. For optical instruments such as telescopes and lithography lenses, polarization properties are important factors that determine the performance of these systems. Therefore, suppressing the unfavorable impacts of polarization properties on optical systems is key to achieve optical systems with good performance. This paper summarizes the current research status on methods to suppress the impacts of polarization properties on optical systems. The existing approaches are divided into three groups: polarization calibration, polarization compensation, and low polarization optimization design. The basic principles of these three methods are introduced, and the methods are classified and discussed with application examples. Finally, the relationship among the three methods and their cooperative applications is analyzed, and the future development of methods to suppress the impacts of polarization properties on optical systems is discussed.

Monocular camera-based relative pose measurement system for space targets
ZHI Shuai, DING Guo-peng, HAN Shi-hao, ZHANG Yong-he, ZHU Zhen-cai
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0057
Abstract(28) FullText HTML(13) PDF 3641KB(0)
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To enhance measurement stability and accuracy for ultra-close-range target docking, this study proposes a monocular camera-based relative position and attitude measurement system with cooperative targets, enabling high-precision position and attitude determination between CubeSats. Through co-designed vision cameras on the chaser satellite and LED targets on the target satellite, precise relative pose measurement is achieved within 0.4−50 meters. First, the collaborative camera-target operation across far/near fields ensures clear imaging throughout the range from 50 meters to 0.4 meters. Second, a multi-scale centroid extraction algorithm incorporating slope consistency constraints and spacing ratio screening reliably acquires features under complex lighting conditions. Finally, combined with the initial pose estimation of the target satellite relative to the chaser, nonlinear optimization iteratively refines pose results to minimize errors. Experimental results demonstrate progressive accuracy improvement with proximity. At 0.4 m distance, the position measurement accuracy is better than 1 millimeter, and the attitude measurement accuracy is better than 0.2 degrees, satisfying ultra-close docking requirements. This solution provides high-precision, high-stability technical support for on-orbit space target relative navigation with important engineering application value.

Sensitivity-enhanced fiber-optic temperature sensor using cascaded Lyot-Sagnac and Fabry-Pérot interferometers
ZHANG Guo-sheng, CHEN Yu-lei, CHAI Guo-qiang, HAN Jian-ning
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0068
Abstract(26) FullText HTML(15) PDF 7122KB(1)
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To effectively enhance detection sensitivity and practicality, this paper proposes a fiber-optic temperature sensor based on a cascaded Lyot-Sagnac sensing structure sensitized by the Vernier effect and a Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI). The Lyot-Sagnac structure is fabricated by 90° rotated splicing of polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) with different lengths, while the FPI is constructed using a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) as the Fabry-Pérot cavity. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the Lyot-Sagnac structure fabricated via the 90° rotated splicing method exhibits a well-defined spectral envelope, and its cascading with the FPI significantly improves temperature sensitivity through the Vernier effect. The experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity of the cascade sensor is 12.56 nm/°C and 92.77 nm/°C when the PMF of different lengths in the Lyot-Sagnac sensor structure is used as the sensing location. Compared to a standalone Lyot-Sagnac interferometer, the proposed sensor achieves a sensitivity enhancement factor of approximately 57 times. In addition, the measurement range of PMF1 mode is 9.3 times that of PMF2 mode for the same measurement bandwidth. Therefore, compared with the traditional vernier effect fiber optic temperature sensor, the dual-response mode temperature sensor proposed in this paper not only has good detection sensitivity, but also can effectively adapt to the application scenarios with different detection ranges and sensitivity requirements by using the same spectral detection equipment, providing a new idea for the development of performance adjustable fiber optic temperature sensors.

Research on data processing for Ritchey-Common test based on sensitivity matrix
ZHANG Bo-bo, E Ke-wei, LI Shi-jie, LI Jing, LIU Huan-yu, GUO Yong-kang, ZHANG Dong-xu, XUE Xun, ZHAO Jian-ke
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0017
Abstract(27) FullText HTML(16) PDF 7153KB(2)
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To address the limitations of conventional data processing approaches in Ritchey-Common method-based inspection of large-aperture planar mirrors, particularly their restricted applicability and environmental sensitivity, this study presents a novel hybrid analytical methodology integrating sensitivity matrix decomposition with rigorous ray tracing simulations. The proposed framework establishes a comprehensive solution for high-precision surface figure characterization through systematic error decoupling and numerical optimization. The investigation commences with the development of a Zemax-based Ritchey-Common optical model, from which a sensitivity matrix is rigorously derived through advanced ray tracing algorithms. This matrix enables precise separation of systematic errors inherent in the measurement process, demonstrating superior accuracy compared to conventional Zernike polynomial aberration correction methods while eliminating approximation-induced artifacts in data interpretation. Subsequent numerical verification of the sensitivity matrix algorithm confirms its theoretical validity and computational robustness. Experimental validation encompasses dual-scale implementation: Primary verification employs a 200-mm aperture test mirror, where cross-comparative analysis with direct interferometric measurements achieves sub-wavelength consistency (RMS < λ/40). Full-scale application in the manufacturing process of a 2.2-meter class planar mirror demonstrates exceptional surface figure control, attaining final surface accuracy better than λ/50 RMS. The methodology exhibits significant improvements in measurement repeatability and environmental stability. This research establishes a generalized computational framework that effectively addresses the scalability challenges in ultra-precision optical testing, providing both theoretical advancement and practical engineering solutions for next-generation large-aperture optical systems fabrication.

Achromatic monolayer metalens with elongated field of view in a continuous waveband
HUANG Hao-hua, LI Wei, LIU Rui, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Jing-ying, LI Wen-hao
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0061
Abstract(31) FullText HTML(13) PDF 4682KB(2)
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Metalenses are subject to off-axis aberrations and material dispersion, which fundamentally limit their ability to achieve both wide field-of-view (FOV) and broad operational bandwidth in imaging detection systems. In this paper, an achromatic monolayer metalens with an elongated FOV in a continuous waveband is constructed using an elaborately designed metasurface. Leveraging a quadratic phase profile for large-field-of-view (FOV) detection, the metasurface unit structure transmission phase is subsequently optimized via particle swarm optimization (PSO) to achieve continuous band dispersion tuning. This approach consequently enables expanded operational bandwidth under wide-FOV conditions. For a monolayer metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.351, an achromatic focusing field covering a ±20° FOV is obtained within the continuous waveband from 0.55 μm to 0.65 μm. The maximum focal length deviation along the optical axis is 3.2 μm (~0.08 f0), the incident angle detection deviation ≤ 1.34°. The proposed method can realize an achromatic monolayer metalens with an elongated FOV within a continuous waveband, which will have potential applications in lightweight and integrated optical imaging systems.

Analysis and suppression of stray light in the 557.7 nm band spaceborne doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne interferometer for wind field detection
LIU Zi-wei, JIANG Lun, HE Xin-tong, WANG Ruo-qing
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0060
Abstract(21) FullText HTML(11) PDF 4182KB(2)
Abstract:

The impact of atmospheric background radiation on imaging quality in Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) interferometers for wind field detection is investigated, and a stray light suppression structure is designed. Utilizing orbital parameters and observation geometry, the influence of atmospheric background radiation on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at varying altitudes is analyzed. Subsequently, a baffle is designed considering system parameters and SNR variation patterns, with its suppression efficacy evaluated via point source transmittance (PST). Results demonstrate that atmospheric background radiation intensifies with decreasing altitude, leading to progressive SNR degradation. PST curves indicate stable in-field PST unaffected by the baffle, preserving target light detection capability. Out-of-field PST decreases with increasing off-axis angle, dropping below 10−8 near the critical stray light suppression angle of 1.07°. The proposed suppression design fulfills system requirements for atmospheric background radiation mitigation.

Research on high-speed measurement of Mueller matrix based on overdriving technique
GONG Zhong-xuan, LI Zi-fan, GONG Jun-hao, HAN Qi-rui, YU Bi-jun, MAO Hong-min, FAN Li-na, LU Huan-jun, CAO Zhao-liang
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0055
Abstract(30) FullText HTML(23) PDF 2764KB(3)
Abstract:

This paper proposes a high-speed Mueller matrix measurement method based on an overdriving technique exerted on a liquid crystal variable retarder. First, a liquid crystal-based simulation model of the Mueller matrix measurement system is established, which helps to confirm the feasibility of the system. Next, an overdriving scheme for the liquid crystal variable retarder is introduced to shorten the polarization-state switching time. Finally, the Mueller matrices of air, a polarizer, and a quarter-wave plate are measured experimentally. The results show that the generation frequency of six polarization states increases from 71 Hz to 417 Hz, and the Mueller matrix measurement frequency increases from 10 Hz to 60 Hz, representing approximately a sixfold improvement. Furthermore, the mean squared error (MSE) of the measurements is below 0.0004. The extinction ratio exceeds 750:1. And the ellipsometric error is below 1.06%. These results demonstrate that the overdriving method enables high-speed Mueller matrix measurements, thereby facilitating applications in real-time inspection fields such as dynamic polarization analysis, online quality inspection of optical components, and biomedical imaging.

On-Chip Training and Its Noise Immunity for Optical Convolutional Neural Networks
SHAO Xiao-feng, SU Jing-yi, WANG Jin
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0016
Abstract(95) FullText HTML(28) PDF 613KB(6)
Abstract:

The hybrid optical-electronic optical convolutional neural network (OCNN) combines the parallel linear computation capabilities of photonic devices with the nonlinear processing advantages of electronic components, demonstrating significant potential in classification tasks. However, the fabrication inaccuracies of photonic devices and the circuit noise in FPGA-based backpropagation notably degrade the network performance. In this work, the hybrid OCNN is constructed, where the linear computations are performed by optical computing layers based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), while the pooling operations and the training process are implemented on the FPGA. This study focuses on the feasibility of on-chip training on FPGA, analyzing the impact of noise on training performance and proposing the network optimization strategies to enhance the noise immunity of OCNN. Specifically, the noise immunity is improved by adjusting the pooling method and pooling size, and the Dropout regularization is introduced after the pooling layer to further enhance the model's recognition accuracy. Experimental results indicate that the proposed on-chip training scheme effectively mitigates errors caused by the fabrication inaccuracy in the photonic devices. However, the circuit noise remains the primary factor limiting the OCNN performance. Notably, under the high circuit noise conditions, e.g. when the standard deviation of MZI phase error caused by circuit noise reaches 0.003, the combination of maximum pooling and Dropout regularization significantly improves the recognition accuracy of OCNN, which achieves a maximum of 78%. This research provides valuable insights for implementing on-chip training in OCNNs and explores new approaches for deploying hybrid optical-electronic architectures in high-noise environments.

Metal-sensitive diaphragm fiber optic pressure sensor with temperature compensation
Wang Hao-xing, LIU Jia, WANG Hai-yang, WANG Jun, LI Yuan-hao, YIN Jian-xiong, WAN Shun, DAI Yun-teng, JIA Ping-gang
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0021
Abstract(187) FullText HTML(66) PDF 4177KB(27)
Abstract:

A metal-sensitive diaphragm fiber optic pressure sensor with temperature compensation is proposed to address pressure monitoring in high-temperature environments, such as engine fuel systems, oil and gas wells, and aviation hydraulic systems. The sensor combines a metal-sensitive diaphragm and a sapphire wafer to form a temperature-pressure dual Fabry-Perot (FP) interference cavity. A cross-correlation signal demodulation algorithm and a temperature decoupling method are utilized to reduce the influence of temperature crosstalk on pressure measurement. Experimental results show that the maximum nonlinear error of the accuracy of the sensor pressure measurement is 0.75% FS and 0.99% FS at room temperature and 300 °C, respectively, in a pressure range of 0−10 MPa and 0−1.5 MPa. The sensor’s pressure measurement accuracy is 1.7% full scale (FS) when using the temperature decoupling method. The sensor exhibits good static pressure characteristics, stability, and reliability, providing an effective solution for high-temperature pressure monitoring applications.

3-D morphological feature measurement and reconstruction of wear particles using multi-view polarized optical coherence tomography
毅儒 孟, 金光 吕, 凯丰 郑, 百轩 赵, 余欣 秦, 宇鹏 陈, 莹泽 赵, 海涛 聂, 惟彪 王, XU Jing-jiang, LAN Gong-pu, 静秋 梁
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0018
Abstract(64) PDF 1130KB(4)
Abstract:
The morphological description of wear particles in lubricating oil is crucial for wear state monitoring and fault diagnosis in aero-engines. Accurately and comprehensively acquiring three-dimensional (3D) morphological data of these particles has become a key focus in wear debris analysis. Herein, we develop a novel multi-view polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) method to achieve accurate 3D morphology detection and reconstruction of aero-engine lubricant wear particles, effectively resolving occlusion-induced information loss while enabling material-specific characterization.
Multi-Fano resonances sensing based on a non-through metal-insulator-metal waveguide coupling D-shaped cavity
xiaolong Zhao, Xuyan Chang, Yanli Liu, 志东 张
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0017
Abstract(56) PDF 1002KB(12)
Abstract:
本文设计了一种由两个一端封堵的金属-绝缘体-金属(MIM)波导与一个的D形腔耦合组成表等离激元波导结构。使用有限元方法(FEM)模拟了该结构的传输特性、磁场分布以及折射率传感特性。在透射光谱中可以明显观察到多Fano共振现象。这些Fano共振是由于D形谐振腔的产生的共振离散态与一端封堵的MIM波导产生的连续状态之间相互耦合产生。通过系统地调整结构参数,研究了其对Fano共振调制的影响。此外,通过改变MIM波导中绝缘层的折射率研究了基于Fano共振折射率传感特性。结果表明,在第一个Fano共振峰处实现了最大1155 RIU/nm的灵敏度。这些研究对高灵敏度光子器件、微型传感器、未来新型片上传感的设计和研究提供了新的途径。
Design of broadband achromatic far-infrared metalens based on chalcogenide glass using parameterized topology optimization
云飞 周, 邹林儿 邹, Yang-bing CHENG, Yun SHEN
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0003
Abstract(55) PDF 557KB(1)
Abstract:
Metalens technology has been applied extensively in miniaturized and integrated infrared imaging systems. However, due to the high phase dispersion of unit structures, metalens often exhibits chromatic aberration, making broadband achromatic infrared imaging challenging to achieve. In this paper, six different unit structures based on chalcogenide glass are constructed, and their phase-dispersion parameters are analyzed to establish a database. On this basis, using chromatic aberration compensation and parameterized adjoint topology optimization, a broadband achromatic metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.5 is designed by arranging these six unit structures in the far-infrared band. Simulation results show that the metalens achieves near diffraction-limited focusing within the operating wavelength range of 9-11 µm, demonstrating the good performance of achromatic aberration with flat focusing efficiency of 54% - 58% across all wavelengths.
Energy preservation of a motion-assisted quantum battery in a lossy cavity
REN Tian-Xi, CHEN Yan, TAN Jia, CAO Zhao-Liang, HAO Xiang
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0015
Abstract(88) FullText HTML(43) PDF 1266KB(5)
Abstract:

As a potential alternative for energy in quantum regime, a quantum battery inevitably undergoes the process where the extracted work deteriorates due to the environmental decoherence. To inhibit the energy dissipation, we have put forward a scheme of a moving atom battery in a lossy cavity coupled to a structured environment. We investigate the dynamics of the maximally extracted work called the ergotropy by the open quantum system approach. It is found out that the decay of quantum work is significantly retarded in the non-Markovian environment. In contrast to the static case, the storage performance of the quantum battery is improved when the atom is in motion. The effect of energy preservation becomes more pronounced at higher velocities. Both the momery effect and motion control can play a positive role in extending the discharge lifetime. In addition, we have investigated the effects of environmental temperature, random noises, and quantum entanglement. These present results provides a feasible protocol for the open quantum battery.

Research on a domestic 3D visualization module for diffractive waveguide simulation based on ray-field tracing
QIN Jia-jia, SONG Qiang, LIU Xiang-biao, ZHANG Shan-wen, DUAN Hui-gao, ZHOU Chang-he
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0003
Abstract(217) FullText HTML(76) PDF 8281KB(24)
Abstract:

Diffractive waveguides have emerged as a particularly promising solution for augmented reality (AR) near-eye display technologies. These waveguides are characterized by their light weight, wide field of view, and large eyebox. However, most commercially available AR waveguide simulation software has been developed by foreign companies, and there has been little advancement in domestic 3D visualization software for optical waveguide design and simulation. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to develop 3D visualization module for optical waveguide design and simulation based on ray-field tracing. Using this module, a two-dimensional exit-pupil-expansion diffractive waveguide has been designed, and a systematic design workflow is demonstrated. The workflow integrates k-domain analysis, automated layout generation of grating regions within the optical waveguide, waveguide optimization, and ray-field tracing simulations, thereby establishing a cohesive methodology for device development. The module extends beyond single-waveguide simulations to system-level analyses of near-eye displays, including micro-displays, micro-projectors, and human eye models. By bridging the microscopic and macroscopic scales, it enables holistic performance evaluation of AR optical systems, highlighting their capabilities and technical advantages. This module provides a robust and efficient platform for domestic optical engineers to advance the design and simulation of optical waveguides, thereby accelerating the industrialization and technological advancement of AR optics in China.

Single-frame color stripe contour technique based on fast iterative filtering
WEI Peng-fei, DU Hu-bing, ZHU Qian, LIU Chang, LI Yan-jie
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0213
Abstract(102) FullText HTML(49) PDF 4525KB(5)
Abstract:

In order to achieve real-time 3D measurement of dynamic objects and to overcome the measurement accuracy limitations caused by spectral aliasing of different carrier frequencies in traditional Fourier demodulation methods, as well as the color coupling problem in color composite stripe projection techniques, this paper proposes a three-frequency color stripe projection profilometry method based on fast iterative filtering. The method first captures a color image using a CCD camera, where the red, green, and blue channels carry gray stripe images with different carrier frequencies. Background interference is then reduced by component subtraction, followed by carrier frequency separation and color decoupling using fast iterative filtering. The subsequent application of the Fourier transform is applied to the carrier-frequency stripe images in the red, green, and blue channels enables the extraction of wrapped phase information. To achieve accurate phase unwrapping, a spatial domain unwrapping algorithm is employed. The low-frequency phase is first unwrapped, followed by the middle and high-frequency phases, which are unwrapped sequentially to complete the entire phase unwrapping process. The simulation and experimental results demonstrates that the proposed method exhibits a phase unwrapping accuracy that is 7 times higher than that of traditional Fourier methods. In comparison with other single-frame demodulation methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior accuracy and robust noise resistance, thus providing an effective technical solution for high-precision, dynamic real-time 3D measurement.

Multi-robot collaborative optical processing
SHI Feng-hua, LI Long-xiang, LIU Xi-ming, PENG Li-rong, CHEN Hao, LI Xing-chang, CHENG Qiang, ZHANG Xue-jun
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0020
Abstract(134) FullText HTML(77) PDF 5429KB(6)
Abstract:

To improve the processing efficiency of large-aperture optical components, a multi-robot, multi-tool collaborative processing method was proposed. A collaborative layout that has been tailored to the optical components was designed, and three feasible trajectories were simulated for analysis. The discrete simulation results were then used to establish principles for selecting trajectory parameters. To address the limitation of discrete simulation in capturing the influence of trajectory continuity on the surface map, an integral removal function model adapted to the motion mode was introduced. Furthermore, a collaborative machining obstacle avoidance strategy was developed. The experimental results obtained using the optimal trajectory demonstrated that with an initial surface shape of PV=18.310λ (λ=632.8 nm) and RMS=1.788λ, the final surface achieved PV=4.873λ and RMS=1.113λ. In addition, within the effective range of 120 mm diameter, PV=4.661 λ, RMS=0.857λ, converged to PV=2.465λ and RMS=0.622λ after processing. The total execution time was 3.943 hours, with the maximum execution time for a single processing unit being 2.041 hours, representing a 1.93-fold improvement over single-tool processing. This method significantly enhances processing efficiency, ensures surface shape accuracy, and holds great potential for the manufacturing of large-aperture optical components.

Bi2O3/Bi2S3 heterojunction composite preparation and photodetection performance
FANG Xiang-ming, ZHANG Rong-ke, SUN Yu, WU Wei-yu, ZHU Jian-hua, YOU Xiu-fen, GAO Shi-yong
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0218
Abstract(134) FullText HTML(119) PDF 5020KB(3)
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The Bi2O3/Bi2S3 heterojunction composite was prepared by thermal polymerization combined with room temperature solution method, and its micromorphology, crystal structure and elemental composition were characterized. The results demonstrate that the Bi2O3/Bi2S3 heterojunction composite exhibits a bulk morphology, accompanied by the presence of pores and a relatively rough surface. Based on the Bi2O3/Bi2S3 heterojunction composite, the photodetector was fabricated and its photodetection performance was measured under zero bias voltage. When exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, the maximum photocurrent (0.32 μA) and response speed (65.65/80.56 ms) of the Bi2O3/Bi2S3 photodetector are significantly enhanced compared to those of the Bi2O3 photodetector. In addition, the device exhibits a wide photodetection band from the ultraviolet (UV) to the visible (Vis) spectrum, as well as fast and stable self-driven photodetection capability. This is mainly attributed the successful coupling of Bi2O3 and Bi2S3 with a narrow band gap, resulting in the formation of a heterojunction composite that exhibits a type II band structure. It is noteworthy that the photodetection performance of the device was measured by continuously alternating between blue light on and off for 100 times. This indicates that the Bi2O3/Bi2S3 photodetector exhibits excellent cycle stability.

Vibration sensor based on stretchable optical fiber and interferometric measurement
Jiajun Wu, Kang Xie, Lei Cao, Xuan Cao, Zhenjia Li, Guoshuai Zhao, Jiacheng He, Guojie Tu
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0010
Abstract(94) PDF 2553KB(16)
Abstract:
Soft polymer optical fiber (SPOF) has shown great potential in optical based wearable and implantable biosensors due to its excellent mechanical properties and optical guiding characteristics. However, the multimodality characteristics of SPOF limit their integration with traditional fiber optic sensors. This article introduces for the first time a flexible fiber optic vibration sensor based on laser interference technology, which can be applied to vibration measurement under high strain conditions. This sensor utilizes elastic optical fibers made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as sensing elements, combined with phase generating carrier technology, to achieve vibration measurement at 50~400 Hz within the strain range of 0~42%. 软聚合物光纤(SPOF)因其优异的机械性能和光导特性,在基于光学的可穿戴和可植入生物传感器中显示出巨大的潜力。然而,单点光纤的多模态特性限制了它们与传统光纤传感器的集成。本文首次介绍了一种基于激光干涉技术的柔性光纤振动传感器,可应用于高应变条件下的振动测量。该传感器利用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)制成的弹性光纤作为传感元件,结合相位发生载体技术,在0~42%的应变范围内实现50~260 Hz的振动测量。
Measurement of atmospheric coherence length for extended targets based on wavefront structure function
ZHANG Jun-rui, ZHAO Yu-ling, YANG Le-qiang, LIU Jie, WANG Wen-yu, LI Zheng-wei, WANG Jian-li, CHEN Tao
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0215
Abstract(131) FullText HTML(118) PDF 4942KB(6)
Abstract:

Atmospheric coherence length is a critical indicator of the impact of atmospheric turbulence on free-space optical communication links. This paper proposes a novel strategy for measuring atmospheric coherence length by utilizing extended targets as the information source. Specifically, the method integrates the wavefront structure function approach with the extended target offset algorithm to directly estimate the atmospheric coherence length. Traditional methods, such as the Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM), typically rely on guide star targets, which are difficult to set appropriately in horizontal communication links, thereby limiting their effectiveness in practical applications. In contrast, employing extended targets as direct detection targets provides a feasible solution for measuring atmospheric coherence length. The paper first reviews the principles and current research status of mainstream algorithms, emphasizing the reliance of existing algorithms on guide star targets and their limitations in horizontal links. Subsequently, we propose a new measurement scheme that combines the improved normalized cross-correlation algorithm with the wavefront structure function method to estimate atmospheric coherence length under extended targets scenarios. In comparison to traditional measurement methods, our approach enables coherence length measurement based on extended targets in horizontal links, thereby significantly reducing system complexity and equipment costs. To validate the effectiveness and measurement accuracy of the proposed method, both simulations and experiments were designed and conducted. The results demonstrate that the coherence length values measured by this method are highly consistent with those obtained using the DIMM method and the wavefront phase variance method, with a measurement accuracy error of approximately 4%. This indicates that the proposed method can effectively assess atmospheric coherence length, thereby providing a valuable reference for enhancing the reliability of free-space laser communication systems.

含非正则涡旋对的部分相干光束的空间相关奇点与轨道角动量谱
Chao MEI, Ke Cheng, Xiao-wen YI, Cai-ying Fu, ZENG Ti-xian
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2025-0001
Abstract(78) PDF 2775KB(4)
Abstract:
将非正则涡旋对引入部分相干光领域,利用Fraunhofer衍射积分公式研究了该光束在远场的空间相关奇点(SCS)和轨道角动量(OAM),详细探讨了非正则因子、离轴距离和涡旋符号对空间相关奇点的影响,研究了远场OAM谱、密度、检测与串扰几率。结果表明:不论是正则还是非正则涡旋对,SCS的位错数量总是等于拓扑荷的绝对值之和。尽管OAM模式与其功率权重的乘积之和等于拓扑荷的代数和,但是该关系对于非正则情况却不再成立。离轴距离、非正则因子或相干长度的变化会导致毗邻模相比于探测模具有更大功率,这也意味着串扰几率会大于中心探测几率。本文结果对基于OAM的光通信、光成像、光传感、光计算具有潜在的应用价值。
Design of optical system with wide field of view, broad spectral range for space target detection
MU Shuai-wei, WU Hong-bo, ZHANG Xin, MA Lin, YAN Lei, TAN Shuang-long
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0198
Abstract(171) FullText HTML(168) PDF 7977KB(25)
Abstract:

To achieve wide-area detection of space targets, this study designs an optical system design with a broad spectrum range (400 nm−1000 nm), a large field of view (61°), a small F-number (1.38), and low distortion. This optical system is capable of detecting space targets with a magnitude of 6, enabling wide-area detection. Initially, a mapping between the radiation model of space target detection and the optical system parameters is established. The optical design is then theoretically analyzed using a reverse telephoto layout as the starting point. The design is optimized to balance and correct severe chromatic aberration resulting from the large field of view and wide spectral range, while improving enclosed energy and considering the roundness of scattered spots. The detection capability is verified through space optical simulation experiments. Results show that the optical system meets the wide-area detection requirements for space targets with a magnitude of 6. Finally, the physical detection capability of the optical system is experimentally verified. The results indicate that the optical system is capable of wide-area detection of space targets with a magnitude of 6. The overall design of the optical system is reasonable and compact, meeting the requirements of wide-area detection of space targets.

Development of multi-channel negative filter film in bioluminescence system
QI Hao-di, FU Xiu-hua, PAN Yong-gang, SHI Peng, WANG Ben, LIN Zhao-wen, DONG Suo-tao, ZHAO Bao-liang, LI Shuang
 doi: 10.37188/CO-2024-0144
Abstract(152) FullText HTML(91) PDF 5374KB(12)
Abstract:

With the rapid development of bioluminescence technology, the demand for high-precision signal transmission has increased significantly. The spectral characteristic of the filter film, as the core component of the system, directly affects the accuracy of signal transmission. In this study, Nb2O5 and SiO2 were selected as high and low refractive index materials, respectively. A multi-channel negative filter was optimized using the Gaussian apodization function and Optilayer software. The filter film was deposited on a D263T substrate using an inductively coupled magnetron sputtering technique. The effect of thickness control errors on spectral shift and passband transmittance was addressed through inverse film sensitivity analysis. The effect of process parameters on film roughness was investigated, and it was found that adjusting the ICP power could effectively improve film roughness. When the developed multi-channel negative filter was tested at a 45° angle of incidence, the reflectance half-bandwidths of the center wavelengths of 576 nm, 639 nm, and 690 nm were 5 nm, 6 nm and 7 nm, respectively, with an average reflectance of about 98%. The average transmittance in the transmission ranges of 545−562 nm, 597−624 nm, 655−675 nm, and 708−755 nm was 92%. The multi-channel negative filter successfully passed both the environmental resistance test and the spectral stability test, thus meeting the application requirements of the multi-channel negative filter in the bioluminescence system.

Independent dual-band bound states in the continuum based on terahertz all-dielectric metasurfaces
WANG Yu, LIU Yang, HAO Xiao-yu, ZHENG Si-yu, LIU Meng, ZHANG Yu-ping, ZHAN Yi, ZHANG Hui-yun
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0004
Abstract(217) FullText HTML(112) PDF 2301KB(26)
Abstract:

Compared to traditional single-frequency bound states in the continuum (BIC), dual-band BIC offers higher degrees of freedom and functionality. Therefore, implementing independent control of dual-band BICs can further enhance their advantages and maximize their performance. This study presents a design for a dielectric metasurface that achieves dual-band BICs in the terahertz (THz) range. By adjusting two asymmetry parameters of the structure, independent control of the two symmetry-protected BICs is achieved. Furthermore, by varying the shape of the silicon holes, the design's robustness to geometric variations is demonstrated. Finally, the test results show that the figures of merit (FOMs) for both BICs reach 109. This work provides a new approach for realizing and tuning dual-frequency BICs, offering expanded possibilities for applications in multimode lasers, nonlinear optics, multi-channel filtering, and optical sensing.

Nonlinear error active coding optimal estimation correction method for fringe projection
LI Mao-yue, XU Jing-zhi, LIU Ze-long, HUANG Si-qi
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0167
Abstract(179) FullText HTML(80) PDF 2107KB(3)
Abstract:

Stripe projection technology is widely used in 3D measurement and surface morphology reconstruction, where phase quality is a critical determinant of measurement accuracy. However, the nonlinear relationship between input and output light intensity is a major source of phase error. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel system nonlinear active correction method. This method captures the variation pattern between input and output light intensity by projecting a small number of uniform gray-scale images onto a standard plane. This pattern is then integrated with active system nonlinear correction to construct a system nonlinear model based on the input-output light intensity variation. Genetic algorithms are used to optimize the coding values, which are then used to actively correct the projected fringes via fringe coding. The corrected fringes effectively reduce the influence of nonlinear effects, thereby significantly improving the quality of phase acquisition. To validate the proposed method, computer simulations were performed using three-step phase shifting. The results showed an 88% reduction in the standard error and an 85.5% reduction in the maximum error. In actual standard plane experiments, the corrected standard phase error decreased from 0.0706 rad to 0.0168 rad, and the maximum phase error decreased from 0.4129 rad to 0.0960 rad. In the face plaster model experiments, the corrected standard phase error decreased from 0.0472 rad to 0.0102 rad, and the maximum phase error decreased from 0.2990 rad to 0.2408 rad. In 3D reconstruction of complex morphology plaster models of human faces, the surface quality was significantly improved, and the water ripple effect, which affects the phase quality, was significantly reduced. Compared with existing large-step phase-shifting methods, the proposed method not only achieves high-quality phase acquisition accuracy, but also offers clear advantages in terms of required data volume and operational convenience, demonstrating broad application potential.

彩色投影仪光强自适应高动态三维测量方法
浩珍 黄, 斌 牛, 深 程, 兴华 曲, 福民 张
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2024-0038
Abstract(108) PDF 1127KB(14)
Abstract:
单一曝光时间或单一投影强度的条纹投影轮廓术(FPP)系统方法受限于相机的动态范围,会导致图像的过饱和和欠饱和,从而造成点云缺失或精度降低。为了解决这一问题,有别于投影仪像素调制方法,我们利用彩色投影仪三通道LED投影强度可单独控制的特点,提出了投影仪三通道光强分离的方法,结合彩色相机,实现了单曝光、多光强图像采集。进一步地,将串扰系数应用到被测物体三通道反射率预测中,结合聚类与通道映射,建立了投影仪三通道电流与相机三通道图像光强的像素级映射模型,实现了最佳投影电流预测和高动态范围图像获取。我们所提出的方法只需一次曝光就能实现高动态范围场景的高精度三维数据获取,该方法的有效性已通过标准平面和标准台阶的实验进行了验证,相比于现有单曝光高动态方法显著降低了平均绝对误差(44.6%), 相比于多曝光融合方法所需要的采集图像数量显著减小(文中场景下图片数量减小70.8%),提出的方法在各种 FPP 相关领域具有巨大潜力。
DnCNN-RM: An Adaptive SAR Image Denoising Algorithm Based on Residual Networks
Haining Ou, 长頔 李, Ruibin Zeng, 言枫 吴, Jianing Liu, Peng Cheng
 doi: 10.37188/CO.EN.2024-0028
Abstract(109) PDF 492KB(6)
Abstract:
在图像处理领域,合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的分析因其广泛的应用而具有重要的作用。然而,这些图像往往受到相干斑点噪声的影响,严重降低了图像质量。传统的去噪技术通常依赖于滤波器设计,存在效率低下和适应性有限的问题。为应对这些挑战,本研究提出了一种基于增强残差网络架构的SAR图像去噪算法,旨在提高SAR图像在复杂电磁环境中的实用性。该算法集成了残差网络模块,直接利用噪声输入图像生成去噪输出,从而显著降低了计算复杂性以及模型训练的难度。此外,算法引入了自适应激活函数Meta-ACON,通过动态调整神经元的激活模式,增强了网络的特征提取能力。该去噪方法的有效性通过使用来自RSOD数据集的真实SAR图像进行实证验证,在EPI, SSIM, ENL保持优秀性能的同时,PSNR有了显著提升,相比于传统算法及深度学习算法,PSNR提高两倍性能以上。结果表明,该算法在减轻斑点噪声的同时,能够很好地保留图像中的重要特征。
Design of dynamic L-type impedance matching network in RF excited fast axial flow CO2 lasers
HUANG Pan, ZHAO Chong-xiao, DONG Zhu-jun, PAN Qi-kun, FENG Yu-ze, ZHANG Lai-ming, GUO Jin
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0096
Abstract(311) FullText HTML(216) PDF 2306KB(34)
Abstract:

In order to solve the problem of RF discharge impedance matching of high-power fast axial flow CO2 lasers, an impedance matching network with low reflectivity and high dynamic matching range was designed to realize the efficient utilization of RF excited fast axial flow CO2 lasers under different discharge structures. Based on the impedance matching theory of RF circuits, a multi-electrode equivalent circuit model was constructed, a method of introducing tunable high-voltage ceramic capacitors into the matching network was proposed, and a dynamic L-type matching network suitable for high-power RF excited fast axial flow CO2 lasers was designed. The simulated dynamic L-type matching network can inject 60 kW RF power into 16 discharge tubes and achieve a reflectivity of less than 1% in the range of total load impedance of 12.81 Ω~49.94 Ω. A single-tube RF discharge experimental device was built, and the reflectivity of the dynamic L-type matching network was measured as less than 1% at 4 kW injection power, which was consistent with the simulation results. It is proved that the dynamic L-type matching network with adjustable high-voltage ceramic capacitors can achieve impedance matching in the high dynamic range, which meets the design requirements of high-power RF excited fast axial flow CO2 laser matching circuits.

Study of the scattering model of micro-defects on cavity mirrors in cavity ring-down spectroscopy instruments
REN Yi-jie, ZHANG Zheng-tao
 doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0094
Abstract(192) FullText HTML(161) PDF 6549KB(9)
Abstract:

Microdefects in cavity mirrors utilized in cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) adversely affect measurement accuracy. This paper establishes a microdefect scattering model grounded in Bobbert and Vlieger's Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) theory to analyze the characteristics of scattered light from microdefects under varying wavelengths, incident angles, defect sizes, types, densities, and substrate coatings. Studying the cavity mirror microdefect scattering model shows that defects in the micrometer to submicron range (100 um to 0.1 um) affect the ring-down absorption accuracy. Aiming at detecting microdefects of this order, this paper’s authors constructed analytical models of microdefect scattering and dark field detection of microdefects in cavity mirrors. Establishing and analyzing the scattering light model of CRDS mirror microdefects is critical to realizing the high-precision detection of CRDS mirror microdefects and recovering CRDS measurement accuracy.

Review
Review of crosstalk between pixels in division of focal plane polarization camera
JIN Wei-qi, XUE Jia-an, QIU Su, LUO Lin, LIU Qi-wei
2025, 18(4): 725-737.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0217
Abstract(148) FullText HTML(105) PDF 5570KB(18)
Abstract:

Division of focal plane polarization camera is a widely used integrated polarization imaging system. Crosstalk between pixels of the micro-polarizer arrays (MPAs) is the unique interference factor in such system, and its crosstalk light intensity varies with the polarization characteristics of the incident light, bringing errors to the measurement of the target’s polarization information. This paper reviews the development of polarization crosstalk models and summarizes all the factors affecting crosstalk identified in relevant researchs. Taking sensor parameters and optical system parameters as key factors, this paper discusses the cause-effect model of crosstalk in cameras and its relation to temporal noise. It analyzes the results of parameter changes caused by crosstalk, primarily summarizing the crosstalk’s factor correlation, experimental repeatability, error randomness and parameter calibration. Finally, this paper prospects the future development trends of crosstalk models.

Original Article
Terahertz broadband absorption spectrum enhancement based on asymmetric dielectric meta-grating on a metal substrate
WANG Zi-jing, LI Xiang-jun, YAN De-xian
2025, 18(4): 738-747.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0197
Abstract(258) FullText HTML(88) PDF 2838KB(12)
Abstract:

Terahertz molecular fingerprinting is a promising method for label-free detection, particularly for micro or trace amount samples in practical applications. However, the wavelength of terahertz waves is much larger than the size of the molecules to be tested, resulting in a weak interaction between the waves and the matter. To address this challenge, additional structures are needed to enhance the absorption of electromagnetic waves by trace amount samples. In this study, we constructed an inverted asymmetric dielectric grating structure on a metal substrate. By utilizing guided-mode resonance (GMR) and a bound state in the continuum (BIC) effect, the terahertz absorption spectrum of thin film samples was significantly enhanced. The enhanced absorption spectra can be easily obtained by measuring the reflected absorption signal. The samples are coated on the flat back of the inverted dielectric grating, which simplifies the preparation process. For instance, when the thickness of an α-lactose film is 0.2 μm, the absorption enhancement factor reaches 236. This study provides a new method for detecting trace analytes in the terahertz band.

High-performance photodetectors based on zero-dimensional lead-free perovskite thin films
DI Jia-yu, CUI Yan, WU Rui-xiang, LU Bin
2025, 18(4): 748-755.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0214
Abstract(224) FullText HTML(168) PDF 5029KB(15)
Abstract:

In this study, we employ a MACl post-treatment to enhance the quality of MA3Sb2I9 perovskite thin films fabricated through antisolvent processing. This treatment facilitated the formation of Cl-Sb bond interactions between MACl and the perovskite thin films, effectively passivating the I vacancies and grain boundary defects on the MA3Sb2I9 thin-film surface. This process not only improved the surface morphology and crystallinity of the thin film but also reduced the defect states density of the surface, thereby enhancing the efficiency of carrier extraction and transport. Consequently, the sensitivity of self-powered photodetectors based on the optimized thin-film preparation increased from 3.89 × 107 Jones to 5.72 × 108 Jones, representing an improvement by one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the rise and fall times were shortened from 37/76 ms to 31/37 ms, respectively, indicating an enhancement in the response speed of the devices.

Domestic 3D visualization diffractive waveguide simulation module based on ray-field tracing
QIN Jia-jia, SONG Qiang, LIU Xiang-biao, ZHANG Shan-wen, DUAN Hui-gao, ZHOU Chang-he
2025, 18(4): 756-770.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0002
Abstract(249) FullText HTML(128) PDF 5483KB(27)
Abstract:

This work introduces the first domestically developed 3D visualization module for optical waveguide design and simulation based on ray-field tracing. Using this module, we engineers a two-dimensional exit-pupil-expansion diffractive waveguide, demonstrating a systematic design workflow, which integrates k-domain analysis, automated layout generation of grating regions within the optical waveguide, waveguide optimization, and ray-field tracing simulations, establishing a cohesive methodology for device development. The module extends beyond single-waveguide simulations to system-level analyses of near-eye displays, incorporating micro-dislplays, micro-projectors, and human eye models. By bridging microscopic and macroscopic scales, it enables holistic performance evaluation of AR optical systems, highlighting its capabilities and technical advantages. This module provides a robust and efficient platform for domestic optical engineers to advance optical waveguide design and simulation, thereby accelerating the industrialization and technological progression of AR optics in China.

Design of holographic reproduction images based on liquid crystal spatial light modulator
LEI Jun-ge, SUN Guo-bin, ZHANG Jin, JIANG Shi-lei, HU Chi
2025, 18(4): 771-783.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0224
Abstract(143) FullText HTML(89) PDF 4659KB(6)
Abstract:

Based on the principle of computer-generated holograms reproduction imaging, this paper used the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm to iteratively solve the phase distribution of the original simulation images under different characteristic parameters (line width, ring diameter) and different calculated sampling intervals by performing direct and inverse Fourier transforms on the optical field distributions of the input and output planes, and the corresponding reproduced images were obtained by simulation calculation. The optical path of the holographic reproduction experiment was constructed by using the liquid crystal spatial light modulator, and the reproduction experiment was carried out by loading the phase distribution maps of different original simulation images, the holographic reproduction images of far-field diffraction were taken by the camera, and the actual feature size of the reproduced images was obtained by image processing. The experimental results show that the feature size of the reproduced images is basically linear with the characteristic size of the original simulation images. Furthermore, the reproduction image size shows a non-linear change relationship with the sampling intervals of the simulation calculation, which is consistent with the derived theoretical calculation relationship curve. In order to further verify the correctness of the conclusion, when the size of the expected reproduced image is designed as the ring diameter of 0.943 mm and the line width of the central cross of 0.015 mm. The characteristic size and sampling interval of the original simulation image of the expected target are obtained by the simulation calculation as the line width of 3 pixel, the ring diameter of 594 pixel and the sampling interval of 25 μm, respectively. The ring diameter and line width of the holographic reproduction image, as measured by the reproduction experiment, are 0.93 mm and 0.017 mm, respectively. The error accuracy is within 0.02 mm. The findings of this study provide an effective reference for application scenarios such as holographic display and AR/VR display to improve the authenticity of virtual display image size.

Improved simulated annealing algorithm for wavefront correction in free-space optical communication
LI Hong-li, LIU Xin-yue, DU Bo-jun, CAO Jing-tai, ZHANG Heng
2025, 18(4): 784-793.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0028
Abstract(193) FullText HTML(105) PDF 1677KB(22)
Abstract:

To compensate for atmospheric turbulence-induced wavefront distortion in coherent free-space optical communication, we develop an adaptive optical system based on the improved simulated annealing algorithm. The system seeks to optimize mixing efficiency and reduce the bit error rate, ultimately enhancing overall system performance. First, we describe the structure of a coherent optical communication system without a wavefront adaptive optics component, focusing on key parameters such as mixing efficiency and bit error rate. Next, the paper implements a detailed explanation of the working principles of the improved simulated annealing algorithm and its application in adaptive optical systems. To validate the proposed algorithm's effectiveness, numerical simulations are performed and compared against traditional algorithms. Finally, real-world data is collected from an experimental platform to further assess the algorithm's performance. Experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison to the standard simulated annealing algorithm, the improved simulated annealing algorithm reduces the iteration count by 50%, decreases the bit error rate to 10−9, and increases the mixing efficiency to 0.9. Overall, the improved simulated annealing algorithm effectively reduces the iteration count in traditional adaptive optical systems, enhances wavefront correction accuracy, and satisfies communication system requirements.

A spectrum signal pre-processing algorithm based on multi-scale wavelet transform
QIAN Fang, XU Yong-bo, ZHAO Wei
2025, 18(4): 794-802.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0230
Abstract(161) FullText HTML(66) PDF 1880KB(10)
Abstract:

Spectral technology can extract useful characteristic information from a large number of raw signals, which can be directly utilized for analyzing and identitying the material components of the observed samples. It has high application value in fields such as biomedicine, food safety and military reconnaissance. Due to the varying objectives and effects of the pretreatment, there are currently multiple spectral pre-processing methods available. We propose a spectrum signal pre-processing algorithm based on multi-scale wavelet transform, and the performance of the proposed algorithm and the designed softwere are evaluated through tests using both simulated and experimental spectra. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the simulated signal is 0.5 dB. After processing with the algorithm proposed in this paper, the SNR can reach to 8.978 dB. In the simulation, five different types of baselines are introduced, including linear, Gaussian, polynomial, exponential, and sigmoidal function types. Baseline estimation is performed using the algorithm proposed in this paper. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of the estimated values are 0.3759, 0.2883, 0.6631, 0.3489, 0.4520, respectively. The spectrum of Polytetrafluoroethylene was measured using a confocal micro-Raman spectrometer and preprocessed with the algorithm proposed in this paper. The results demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of fast and accurate processing of the spectra. The algorithm can be used to reduce noise and correct baseline. This study put on a set of new ideas on spectrum signal processing.

Crosshair detection method for orbital angular momentum of vortex beams
WANG Tong, XIONG Han, WANG Hua-xin, LAI You-li
2025, 18(4): 803-810.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0209
Abstract(190) FullText HTML(98) PDF 2238KB(48)
Abstract:

In this paper, a method for vortex beam OAM detection using crosshair diffraction is proposed. The OAM-related main bright spot in the far-field distribution contains most of the energy of the incident beam (50%~84%) and there is no secondary bright spot that interferes with the detection. In contrast, the energy proportion of the main bright spot in the conventional small-hole diffraction method is extremely low, particularly in the far-field main bright spot above the 7th-order topological charge, which contains less than 1% of the energy of the incident beam. Furthermore, as the topological charge level increases, the secondary bright spot becomes more intrusive. Consequently, crosshair measurements are particularly applicable to the detection of weak vortex beams, which has potentially important implications for the development of long-range free-space optical communications.

Test method of solar stray light suppression ability of heliospheric imager
GAO Tian-yu, ZHANG Tian-yi, MENG Qing-yu, XIAN Jing-tian, LUO Jing, WANG Wei
2025, 18(4): 811-818.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0216
Abstract(143) FullText HTML(98) PDF 2453KB(12)
Abstract:

In order to quantitatively assess the solar stray light suppression capability of the heliospheric imager, a testing approach and experimental validation were investigated. In this paper, we proposed a method to test the solar stray light suppression capability of the heliospheric imager under laboratory circumstances by conducting segmented tests of the front-end baffle and the camera. This approach circumvented the issue that the structural scattering caused by the test under vacuum conditions would be overly large and influence the accuracy of the test results. The proposed method was then employed to assess the effectiveness of a heliospheric imager in suppressing solar stray light under laboratory conditions. The experimental results indicate that the PST of the front-end diaphragm of the heliosphere imager is 1.4×10−8 at WACH1 and 4.3×10−9 at WACH2. The error analysis of the test results reveal that the random error is 21.6%, and the PST resulting from the sum of system errors is 1.1×10−8 at WACH1 and 4.2×10−9 at WACH2. The test accuracy meets the requirements, demonstrating the feasibility and accuracy of the test method. The study presented in this paper offers a novel means to test the solar stray light suppression capability of heliospheric imager.

Optical transfer function measurement based on Hartmann wavefront sensor
ZHANG Huang-ke, LI Zi-fan, SHI Wen-kai, MAO Hong-min, LU Huan-jun, FAN Li-na, CAO Zhao-liang
2025, 18(4): 819-829.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0012
Abstract(136) FullText HTML(36) PDF 2985KB(6)
Abstract:

This study proposes a Hartmann wavefront sensor-based method for cost-effective, real-time measurement of Optical Transfer Function (OTF). First, an OTF measurement framework is established using wavefront data acquired through the Hartmann wavefront sensor. Subsequently, we design an optical configuration for OTF measurement, incorporating methodologies to determine depth of focus, characterize aberrations, and measure focal length. A dedicated calibration optical path is developed for objective lens aberration quantification, accompanied by systematic calibration procedures. Finally, an experimental setup is implemented to comprehensively assess lens performance, including Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), aberration, focal length, depth of focus, and chromatic aberration. The measurement results show that this method can achieve MTF measurement for the lens within a 0−1° field of view. The measured aberrations include astigmatism (0.114 λ), coma (0.128 λ), and spherical aberration (0.02 λ). At 0° field angle, the chromatic aberration values for red, green, and blue wavelengths are 0.047 λ, 0.055 λ, and 0.048 λ, respectively, increasing to 0.117 λ, 0.176 λ, and 0.154 λ at 1° field angle. The depth of focus is measured at 0.454 mm with a 2% error, while the focal length is determined to be 74.6 mm with a 0.8% error. These results confirm that the proposed measurement method enables accurate MTF characterization of optical lenses, providing a low-cost and real-time technical solution for the evaluation of MTF in optical systems.

Image-based angular displacement measurement system based on Manchester coding
LI Yong-jie, YU Hai, WAN Qiu-hua, LIANG Li-hui, LU Xin-ran, SUN Shu-hong
2025, 18(4): 830-838.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0178
Abstract(146) FullText HTML(120) PDF 1874KB(3)
Abstract:

In comparison with traditional photoelectric displacement measurement technologies, displacement measurement methods based on digital image processing exhibit superior fault tolerance and flexibility, making them a current research hotspot. To achieve high-precision and high-reliability angular displacement measurement, an image-based angular displacement measurement system based on Manchester coding was proposed. First, a single code-channel raster code disc was designed using Manchester coding based on M-sequence pseudo-random coding. A digital image sensor was then used to construct an optical path for capturing patterns on the raster code disc. Subsequently, a decoding recognition algorithm tailored to the coded patterns was developed. Additionally, edge positioning and sub-pixel subdivision algorithms for coded marker edge pattern fitting were proposed to further enhance the system’s resolution. The proposed method was then experimentally validated. The experimental results demonstrated that the system achieved a resolving power of 21 bits and an accuracy of 1.73 arcseconds with a 100 mm grating code disc. This research provides a foundation for the development of highly reliable and high-performance photoelectric angular displacement measurement technologies.

Optical system design and polarization aberration compensation based on vector diffraction
LI Ying-chao, YU Wen-chao, WANG Chao, WANG Kai-kai, LIU Jia-nan, WANG Qi, LIU Zhuang
2025, 18(4): 839-849.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0006
Abstract(181) FullText HTML(108) PDF 5324KB(14)
Abstract:

Aiming at the problem that the diffraction phenomenon generated in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) polarized optics system containing digital micro-mirror device (DMD) will lead to the change of the polarization aberration in the system, which will cause a decrease in the accuracy of the polarization measurement of the LWIR polarized optics system, we propose a method for analyzing and compensating for the polarization aberration of the LWIR secondary imaging optical system containing DMD. Firstly, Based on the ratio of wavelength to DMD pixel size in the LWIR polarized optics system, a diffraction and polarization aberration characteristic transmission model is constructed and a polarization aberration analysis method based on the Jones vector theory of vector diffraction-polarized light is proposed. Secondly, the polarization aberration and polarizability of DMD are deduced to determine the optimal diffraction order, incidence angle and diffraction efficiency of DMD, and then the secondary imaging LWIR polarized optics system containing DMD is designed to obtain the influence of DMD diffraction characteristics on polarization aberration. Finally, the polarization aberration of the optical system is compensated by tilting the projection objective, coating the lens and reducing the surface incidence angle, so as to solve the influence of diffraction phenomenon on the polarization aberration of the LWIR polarized optical system. Simulation results show that the full-field-of-view modulation transfer function of the system is close to the diffraction limit at the cut-off frequency, the maximum aberration is less than 0.2%, the imaging quality is good, and the two-way attenuation of the whole system is reduced to 1/12 of the original one after compensation. This analytical model can reveal the relationship between diffraction and polarization aberration, and the compensation method can effectively reduce the polarization aberration.

Design of an optical system for airborne multispectral common-aperture targeting pod
LIU Ying-qi, LU Hong-qiang, SHU Ying-en, NING Xin-chao, YANG Shao-kang, BU Zhong-hong
2025, 18(4): 850-858.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2025-0011
Abstract(111) FullText HTML(122) PDF 3518KB(14)
Abstract:

An optical system suitable for a new type of airborne multispectral common-aperture targeting pod is designed by adopting a folded off-axis three mirror telescope as the common optical path component. The optical system is characterized by miniaturization, high transmittance, multispectral, long focal length, and low difficulty of installation and adjustment. The designed multispectral common-aperture optical system has an effective optical aperture of 220 mm, a near-infrared focal length of 1100 mm, a short-wave infrared focal length of 1200 mm, and a medium-wave infrared focal length of 880 mm. It can be integrated as a transmitting and receiving antenna with a laser sensor, which shares the same aperture and fast steering mirror with other imaging sensors. The system is mounted on a typical airborne spherical electro-optical pod platform with a diameter of 500 mm. The optical design analysis and results indicate that the image quality of the optical design has reached the diffraction limit. All indicators and parameters meet the technical requirements.

Optimization design method for counter-rotating prisms atmospheric dispersion corrector
JIANG Hong-mei, HU Yuan, ZOU Hui-tian, HOU Zhen-min
2025, 18(4): 859-868.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0204
Abstract(110) FullText HTML(82) PDF 2013KB(2)
Abstract:

The counter-rotating prisms atmospheric dispersion corrector (ADC) has been widely used for the calibration of large-aperture astronomical telescopes. To achieve an optimal design method for the counter-rotating prism ADC, effectively compensate for atmospheric dispersion, and suppress the optical axis drift introduced by the ADC, we establish a vector model for ray tracing of the counter-rotating prism ADC based on traditional atmospheric dispersion compensation theory. The vector models of dispersion compensation and optical axis drift are then derived. Using this mathematical model, the impacts of different parameters of the ADCs on the dispersion compensation effect, prism rotation angle, and optical axis drift are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that when compensating for the same atmospheric dispersion by using the counterrotating ADC with different material combinations and bonding types, the rotation angle of the prism group remains relatively consistent, and the differences increasing as the zenith angle increases. Choosing materials with similar refractive indices near the central wavelength reduces chromatic aberration in the ADC output light and improves dispersion compensation performance. When compensating for atmospheric dispersion at different zenith angles, the offset angle of the system's optical axis decreases as the number of bonded surfaces increases. Specifically, each additional bonded surface of the optical axis drift angle can be reduced by one order of magnitude. In practical ADC design, dispersion can be effectively compensated, and optical axis drift can be suppressed by controlling the number of bonded surfaces and material selection.

Laser compensation of optical waveguide shape defects on vertical end face
GAO Hong-hu, MA Jun-jie, ZHU Lin-wei, SHI Qiang
2025, 18(4): 869-878.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0220
Abstract(226) FullText HTML(103) PDF 5420KB(18)
Abstract:

To address the issue of shape defects in optical waveguides that occur due to the laser beam being obstructed by the surface of the photonic chip during the vertical end-face waveguide bridging process in photonic chips. Based on the focusing light field of high numerical aperture (NA) objective lenses, the characteristics of light intensity distribution at various x-direction offset distances of the laser focus from the vertical end-face of the photonic chip are investigated. First, we give the analytical expressions of the light field near the focus. These are in the focusing system of high NA lenses. Firstly, analytical expressions for the light field distribution near the focal point in the focusing system of a high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens are presented, along with expressions for the components of the focused light field when linearly polarized light is incident. Then, numerical simulations are conducted with the provided expressions, the focal light intensity distribution of the laser focus at different x-direction offset distances from the vertical end-face of the photonic chip is studied. The intensity variations of the focal light field when subjected to disturbances are revealed, and curves depicting the intensity changes of the focal light field are plotted. These curves align with the observed trends in the shape changes of the optical waveguide during experiments. Finally, based on the focal light intensity distribution curves, the laser power compensation coefficients curves are derived in reverse. These are then applied to the optical waveguide compensation processing experiments. It can be seen that after power compensation processing, the sections of the optical waveguide with a width less than 4 μm are successfully compensated to 4 μm. Moreover, the morphology became straighter, and the defects are effectively repaired. The results of numerical calculation simulations and experiments demonstrate that this method successfully compensates for the shape defects of optical waveguides caused by insufficient laser power, providing an effective solution for the fabrication and processing of optical waveguides in the field of photonic chip integrated coupling.

Design of visual optical system based on Varifocal zoom structure
HU Shen-bao, ZHANG Jing, ZHANG Gong, ZHANG Jun-ming, ZHANG Yan
2025, 18(4): 879-888.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0176
Abstract(178) FullText HTML(117) PDF 3190KB(6)
Abstract:

Most of the current visual training products available on the market use electronic screens to display objects of varying dimensions and distances, thereby stimulating the ciliary muscle through looking at the screen for visual function training. However, this method involves blue light radiation, which poses a potential hazard to the human eye. To address this issue, a visual optical system based on a Varifocal zoom structure has been designed. The system achieves continuous magnification of optical power by manipulating the lateral movement of two sets of lenses perpendicular to the optical axis. This simulates changes in object distance and stimulating ciliary muscle regulation training. This paper first derives the surface shape limits of variable focal length lenses, incorporates the variable focal length spherical effect equation to optimize the basic surface shape of Alvarez lenses, and uses Zemax software for design. The designed lens surface is characterized by a third-order XY polynomial free-form surface, with a maximum relative vertical axis offset of 5.6 mm between the two groups of lenses, achieving continuous magnification of refractive power between +4D and −8D. The design results indicate that the full-field modulation transfer function exceeds 0.3 at a Nyquist frequency of 30 lp/mm, with root mean square (RMS) radius values approaching the Airy spot radius value and distortion below 2%. The imaging quality of this optical system is satisfactory.

Flatness detection method of splicing detector based on channel spectral dispersion
ZHAO Hong-chao, ZHANG Xiao-qian, AN Qi-chang
2025, 18(4): 889-898.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0026
Abstract(186) FullText HTML(86) PDF 5689KB(10)
Abstract:

For segmented detectors, surface flatness is critical as it directly influences both energy resolution and image clarity. Additionally, the limited adjustment range of the segmented detectors necessitates precise benchmark construction. This paper proposes an architecture for detecting detector flatness based on channel spectral dispersion. By measuring the dispersion fringes for coplanar adjustment, the final adjustment residual is improved to better than 300 nm. This result validates the feasibility of the proposed technology and provides significant technical support for the development of next-generation large-aperture sky survey equipment.

Influencing factor of the characterization and restoration of phase aberrations resulting from atmospheric turbulence based on Principal Component Analysis
WANG Jiang-pu-zhen, WANG Zhi-qiang, ZHANG Jing-hui, QIAO Chun-hong, FAN Cheng-yu
2025, 18(4): 899-907.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0035
Abstract(138) FullText HTML(64) PDF 4852KB(6)
Abstract:

Restoration of phase aberrations is crucial for addressing atmospheric turbulence in light propagation. Traditional restoration algorithms based on Zernike polynomials (ZPs) often encounter challenges related to high computational complexity and insufficient capture of high-frequency phase aberration components, so we proposed a Principal-Component-Analysis-based method for representing phase aberrations. This paper discusses the factors influencing the accuracy of restoration, mainly including the sample space size and the sampling interval of D/r0, on the basis of characterizing phase aberrations by Principal Components (PCs). The experimental results show that a larger D/r0 sampling interval can ensure the generalization ability and robustness of the principal components in the case of a limited amount of original data, which can help to achieve high-precision deployment of the model in practical applications quickly. In the environment with relatively strong turbulence in the test set of D/r0 = 24, the use of 34 terms of PCs can improve the corrected Strehl ratio (SR) from 0.007 to 0.1585, while the Strehl ratio of the light spot after restoration using 34 terms of ZPs is only 0.0215, demonstrating almost no correction effect. The results indicate that PCs can serve as a better alternative in representing and restoring the characteristics of atmospheric turbulence induced phase aberrations. These findings pave the way to use PCs of phase aberrations with fewer terms than traditional ZPs to achieve data dimensionality reduction, and offer a reference to accelerate and stabilize the model and deep learning based adaptive optics correction.

Design optimization of a sensitivity-enhanced tilt sensor based on femtosecond fiber bragg grating
Nutsuglo Theophilus, GUO Yong-xing, ZHOU Wan-huan, YU Hai-sheng, REN Ru-hua, SHEN Shun-an
2025, 18(4): 908-920.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0034
Abstract(141) FullText HTML(56) PDF 6782KB(17)
Abstract:

Aiming at the requirement for high-precision tilt monitoring in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM), this paper proposes a sensitivity-enhanced tilt sensor based on a femtosecond fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Firstly, structural design of the tilt sensor was conducted based on static mechanics principles. By positioning the FBG away from the beam’s neutral axis, linear strain enhancement in the FBG was achieved, thereby improving sensor sensitivity. The relationship between FBG strain, applied force, and the offset distance from the neutral axis was established, determining the optimal distance corresponding to maximum strain. Based on this optimization scheme, a prototype of the tilt sensor was designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested. Experimental results show that the FBG offset distance yielding maximum sensitivity is 4.4 mm. Within a tilt angle range of −30° to 30°, the sensor achieved a sensitivity of 129.95 pm/° and a linearity of 0.9997. Compared to conventional FBG-based tilt sensors, both sensitivity and linearity were significantly improved. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability (error < 0.94%), creep resistance (error < 0.30%), and temperature stability (error < 0.90%). These results demonstrate the sensor’s excellent potential for SHM applications. The sensor has been successfully deployed in an underground pipeline project, conducting long-term monitoring of tilt and deformation in the steel support structures, further proving its value for engineering safety monitoring.

Arbitrary azimuthal optical field manipulation by dual-spiral arrays
MA Li, WANG Ying, LI Min, ZHANG Ying, ZHAO Bo
2025, 18(4): 921-930.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0007
Abstract(110) FullText HTML(39) PDF 3232KB(6)
Abstract:

Optical field manipulation, an emerging frontier in photonics, demonstrates significant potential in biomedical microscopy, quantum state engineering, and micro-nano fabrication. To address the critical limitations of current optical modulation technologies in achieving full-parameter precision control, we proposed a novel approach for dynamic azimuthal optical field modulation based on dual-spiral arrays. By designing spatially interleaved spiral structures with different initial radii while maintaining identical periodic parameters, we achieved continuous optical modulation spanning the full 0–2π range in azimuthal field distribution. Through rigorous numerical simulations, we systematically established a quantitative correlation between the structural parameters and azimuthal optical field patterns, revealing, for the first time, a quasi-linear relationship between the radius difference and the resultant optical distribution. This theoretical framework advances our fundamental understanding of structured optical field manipulation as well as provides a new paradigm for programmable photonic device design, with distinct technical advantages in super-resolution imaging and optical tweezer systems.

785 nm semiconductor laser with shallow etched gratings
YUE Yu-xin, ZOU Yong-gang, FAN Jie, FU Xi-yao, ZHANG Nai-yu, SONG Ying-min, HUANG Zhuo-er, MA Xiao-hui
2025, 18(4): 931-946.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0019
Abstract(192) FullText HTML(112) PDF 3049KB(13)
Abstract:

A new type of 785 nm semiconductor laser device has been proposed. The thin cladding and mode expansion layer structure incorporated into the epitaxy on the p-side significantly impacts the regulation of grating etching depth. Thinning of the p-side waveguide layer makes the light field bias to the n-side cladding layer. By coordinating the confinement effect of the cladding layer, the light confinement factor on the p-side is regulated. On the other hand, the introduction of a mode expansion layer facilitates the expansion of the mode profile on the p side cladding layer. Both these factors contribute positively to reducing the grating etching depth. Compared to the reported epitaxial structures of symmetric waveguides, the new structure significantly reduces the etching depth of the grating while ensuring adequate reflection intensity and maintaining resonance. Moreover, to improve the output performance of the device, the new epitaxial structure has been optimized. Based on the traditional epitaxial structure, an energy release layer and an electron blocking layer are added to improve the electronic recombination efficiency. This improved structure has an output performance comparable to that of a symmetric waveguide, despite being able to have a smaller gain area.

Electromagnetic Bloch-like oscillations in Fibonacci metamaterial waveguide arrays
LI Zhao-hong, HAN De-zhuan
2025, 18(4): 947-953.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0033
Abstract(197) FullText HTML(139) PDF 1385KB(6)
Abstract:

This paper investigates optical transport in metamaterial waveguide arrays (MMWAs) exhibiting Bloch-like oscillations (BLOs). The MMWAs is fabricated by laterally combining metal and dielectric layers in a Fibonacci sequence. By mapping the field distribution of Gaussian wave packets in these arrays, we directly visualize the mechanical evolution in a classical wave environment. Three distinct oscillation modes are observed at different incident positions in the ninth-generation Fibonacci structure, without introducing thickness or refractive index gradient in any layer. Additionally, the propagation period of BLOs increases with a redshift of the incident wavelength for both ninth- and tenth-generation Fibonacci MMWAs. These findings provide a valuable method for manipulating BLOs and offer new insights into optical transport in metamaterials, with potential applications in optical device and wave control technologies.

Evaluation of restoration effects for city walls based on terahertz-infrared integrated technology
MENG Tian-hua, ZHAO Guo-zhong, XU Shi-xiang, ZHANG Hai-jiao, LI Bang-quan, HU Wei-dong
2025, 18(4): 954-967.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0016
Abstract(149) FullText HTML(23) PDF 8687KB(6)
Abstract:

To scientifically evaluate the restoration performance of ancient city walls, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and infrared thermal imaging technology were applied to assess the Desheng Fortress (Ming Dynasty). Three representative sections were examined: adobe brick masonry repaired (Area 1), well-preserved original (Area 2), and layer-by-layer ramming repaired (Area 3). THz spectral data revealed significant differences between Area 1 (time delay: 3.72 ps; refractive index: 2.224) and Area 2 (time delay: 3.02 ps; refractive index: 2.107), while Area 3 (time delay: 3.12 ps; refractive index: 2.098) demonstrated nearly identical THz spectral data to Area 2. Infrared thermal imaging also showed that the Area 3 restored by layer-by-layer ramming exhibited greater uniformity with fewer instances of cracks, capillary phenomena, or biological diseases. The proposed point-surface integrated evaluation methodology synergistically combines infrared thermography mapping of heritage surfaces with THz spectral datasets acquired through in-situ micro-sampling, enabling quantitative restoration assessment and providing a novel approach for scientifically validating traditional conservation techniques.

Tunable reflective spin-decoupled encoding metasurface based on Dirac semimetals
HAO Xiao-yu, ZHENG Si-yu, WANG Yu, LIU Yang, LIU Meng, ZHANG Yu-ping, ZHANG Jin-juan, ZHAN Yi, ZHANG Hui-yun
2025, 18(4): 968-978.   doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2024-0037
Abstract(188) FullText HTML(104) PDF 2407KB(26)
Abstract:

Multiple functional metasurfaces with high information capacity have attracted considerable attention from researchers. This study proposes a 2-bit tunable spin-decoupled coded metasurface designed for the terahertz band, which utilizes the tunable properties of Dirac semimetals (DSM) to create a novel multilayer structure. By incorporating both geometric and propagating phases into the metasurface design, we can effectively control the electromagnetic wave. When the Fermi level (EF) of the DSM is set at 6 meV, the electromagnetic wave is manipulated by the gold patch embedded in the DSM film, operating at a frequency of 1.3 THz. When the EF of the DSM is set at 80 meV, the electromagnetic wave is manipulated by the DSM patch, operating at a frequency of 1.4 THz. Both modes enable independent control of beam splitting under left-rotating circularly polarized (LCP) and right-rotating circularly polarized (RCP) wave excitation, resulting in the generation of vortex beams with distinct orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. The findings of this study hold significant potential for enhancing information capacity and polarization multiplexing techniques in wireless communications.

Review of crosstalk between pixels in division of focal plane polarization camera
JIN Wei-qi, XUE Jia-an, QIU Su, LUO Lin, LIU Qi-wei
2025, 18(4): 725-737.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0217
Abstract(148) FullText HTML(105) PDF 5570KB(18)
Abstract:

Division of focal plane polarization camera is a widely used integrated polarization imaging system. Crosstalk between pixels of the micro-polarizer arrays (MPAs) is the unique interference factor in such system, and its crosstalk light intensity varies with the polarization characteristics of the incident light, bringing errors to the measurement of the target’s polarization information. This paper reviews the development of polarization crosstalk models and summarizes all the factors affecting crosstalk identified in relevant researchs. Taking sensor parameters and optical system parameters as key factors, this paper discusses the cause-effect model of crosstalk in cameras and its relation to temporal noise. It analyzes the results of parameter changes caused by crosstalk, primarily summarizing the crosstalk’s factor correlation, experimental repeatability, error randomness and parameter calibration. Finally, this paper prospects the future development trends of crosstalk models.

Rubidium atomic optical frequency standard based on two-photon transition
ZHANG Jiong-yang, ZHAI Hao, WANG Ji, XIAO Yu-hua, DAI Hu, LIAN Ji-qing, YANG Shi-yu, CHEN Jiang, LIU Zhi-dong
2025, 18(3): 415-428.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0120
Abstract(607) FullText HTML(281) PDF 3639KB(186)
Abstract:

The optical frequency standard based on two-photon transition is expected to become a practical miniaturized optical frequency standard due to its significant advantages such as high stability, good reproducibility and easy miniaturization. In this paper, the basic principle of two-photon transition is briefly described, and the research status and progress of rubidium atomic optical frequency standards based on two-photon transition at home and abroad are introduced. Finally, it is concluded that the future development trends of rubidium atomic optical frequency standards based on two-photon transition are system miniaturization, performance improvement, integrated application and engineering.

Research progress of space laser communication networking technology
LIU Zhi, JIANG Qing-fang, LIU Shu-tong, TIAN Shao-qian, ZHU Ling-yun, LIU Xian-zhu, YU Jia-xin, ZHAO Jian-tong, YAO Hai-feng, DONG Ke-yan
2025, 18(3): 429-451.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0140
Abstract(907) FullText HTML(1737) PDF 16758KB(376)
Abstract:

Laser communication utilizes light waves as the transmission medium. It offers many advantages, including high data rates, expansive bandwidth, compactness, robust interference resistance, and superior confidentiality. It has the critical capability to enable high-speed transmission and secure operation of space information networks. Prominent research institutions have committed to studying a series of challenges that need to be solved in the process of networking laser communication technology, including point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication, all-optical switching and forwarding of multi-channel signals within nodes, node dynamic random access, and network topology design. Numerous demonstration and verification experiments have been conducted, with a subset of these research results finding practical applications. Based on the analysis and discussion of space laser communication networking technology, this paper summarizes the development of laser communication networking technology both domestically and internationally, focusing on the application of laser communication networking technology in the fields of satellite constellations, satellite relays, and aviation networks. Furthermore, it presents a review of pertinent domestic research methodologies, experimental validations, and technical solutions. Finally, it predicts the development trend of laser communication networking technology and applications.

Research progress on the effects of atmospheric refraction and correction techniques
LI Yang, JING Xu, QIN Lai-an, CHENG Yi-lun, WANG Gang-yu, HOU Zai-hong
2025, 18(1): 1-16.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0101
Abstract(906) FullText HTML(305) PDF 2766KB(211)
Abstract:

This paper presents various aspects of atmospheric refraction to gain insight into the advances in this field. It divides the effects of atmospheric refraction into two categories: the visible-to-infrared bands used in research fields such as optical imaging, laser transmission, and optoelectronic tracking and the radio band used in radar measurements and satellite detection. The calculation formulas for these two bands are different in their practical treatment. This paper introduces the refractive index formulas according to the refractive index formula's development history and points out the limitations of each formula. The current best choice for the former formula is the one summarized by Rüeger scholars; for the latter, it is recommended to choose the radio refractive index formula in the Rec. ITU-R P.453-14. In addition, the relationship between the refractive index of the Earth's surface and altitude, reference data for the refractive index on a global scale, and statistical distributions for the calculation of the refractive index gradient are given in the recommendation. Finally, traditional calculation methods for obtaining atmospheric refraction and optical observation methods are presented. The former study is based on the modeling of atmospheric patterns or meteorological data, formulae for refractive indices in specific regions, or model fitting to satisfy accuracy in a single environment or on an average scale. The optical measurement method does not need an atmospheric model as a basis, nor does it rely on meteorological parameters. The measurement results of the data are real-time and more representative of the path. It can make up for some of shortcomings of the traditional methods, and is more in line with future development trend of the future.

Research progress in the phenomenon of exceptional point on passive non-Hermitian metasurfaces
ZHUO Yi-zhou, WEI Zhong-chao
2025, 18(1): 17-28.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2024-0119
Abstract(480) FullText HTML(224) PDF 3787KB(154)
Abstract:

In non-Hermitian systems, controlling the gain or loss of the system can enable the system state transition from PT-symmetry to broken PT-symmetry. This transition leads to a special point known as the exceptional point, where the system eigenvalues and eigenstates become simultaneously degenerate. When combined with metasurfaces, the exceptional point leads to various intriguing optical phenomena, such as asymmetric transmission, exceptional topological phase, and the non-Hermitian skinning effect. However, active metasurfaces introducing gains are difficult to realize experimentally. Therefore, designing passive metasurfaces using equivalent gains through loss becomes a powerful tool in non-Hermitian research. In this paper, we review the theoretical models, research progress, specific applications, and experimental design in the study of the exceptional point on passive non-Hermitian metasurfaces and look forward to the future direction of this field.

Advances in data simulation for space-based situational awareness
LUO Xiu-juan, HAO Wei
2024, 17(3): 501-511.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0156
Abstract(1118) FullText HTML(503) PDF 0KB(265)
Abstract:

The data simulation for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) can provide critical data support for the development, testing, and validation of space surveillance equipment and situational awareness algorithms (including detection, tracking, recognition, and characterization of space object), playing a significant role in building SSA capabilities. Taking the optical data simulation for space-based situational awareness as the research subject, the purpose and main research content of SSA data simulation are presented, and the typical research methods and processes of SSA optical imaging simulation are set forth. The current research status and progress in domestic and foreign related research are introduced, covering the imaging modeling and simulation achievements of different optical sensing systems such as binocular vision sensors, LiDAR, infrared sensors, visible light telescopes, and star trackers. The development trend of SSA data simulation research is analyzed, providing reference for future research ideas and approaches of SSA data simulation.

On-machine detection technology and application progress of high dynamic range fringe structured light
LIU Ze-long, LI Mao-yue, LU Xin-yuan, ZHANG Ming-lei
2024, 17(1): 1-18.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0068
Abstract(1183) FullText HTML(324) PDF 6064KB(391)
Abstract:

Fringe structured light technology is a non-contact measurement method, which has developed rapidly in recent years and provides a new solution for on-machine detection in mechanical processing. However, the accuracy of structured light for on-machine detection is compromised by the convoluted lighting in machining environments and metal parts’ high reflectivity, leading to inaccurate measurements. Applying high dynamic range (HDR) technology to structured light detection can reduce the effect of high reflectivity, achieving the measurement of metal parts in complex scenes. This paper introduces the measurement principle of structured light and summarizes the challenges of on-machine detection for HDR structured light. Subsequently, this paper provides a comprehensive review of HDR structured light technology. In the context of on-machine detection of mechanical processing, the HDR technology based on hardware equipment and the HDR technology based on stripe algorithm are discussed and analyzed, respectively. Following this, different technologies are summarized according to the requirements of on-machine detection. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods are presented, and the applicability of on-machine detection is compared. Finally, the potential applications are analyzed, and the technological prospects will be proposed in combination with the research hotspots of advanced manufacturing technology and precision measurement in recent years.

Research progress on the related physical mechanism of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
LIU Rui-bin, YIN Yun-song
2024, 17(1): 19-37.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0019
Abstract(1096) FullText HTML(642) PDF 1508KB(347)
Abstract:

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the constituents of a material using plasma spectra produced by the interaction of a strong pulsed laser with the material. In the process of pulsed laser-induced plasma, different laser parameters (energy, pulse width, wavelength), environmental conditions during the detection process and the properties of the material itself have different degrees of influence on the physical mechanism of laser-induced plasma, which in turn affects the results of LIBS quantitative analysis. We review the physical mechanisms of LIBS technology in the current state, including the basic principles of LIBS, the differences in laser parameters, and the physical mechanisms involved in the differences in environmental and material properties. It provides a basis for a deeper understanding of laser-matter interactions and for improving the detection capabilities of LIBS.

Key technology analysis and research progress of high-power narrow linewidth fiber laser based on the multi-longitudinal-mode oscillator seed source
SUN Shi-hao, ZHENG Ye, YU Miao, LI Si-yuan, CAO Yi, WANG Jun-long, WANG Xue-feng
2024, 17(1): 38-51.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0074
Abstract(794) FullText HTML(386) PDF 8949KB(280)
Abstract:

Narrow linewidth fiber lasers, based on the multi-longitudinal-mode oscillator seed source, have obvious advantages in engineering applications and space-limited loading platforms. Additionally, they are considered ideal sub-modules for high-power spectral combinations. The time domain of this type of seed is unstable due to the self-pulse effect, causing significant spectral broadening and stimulated Raman scattering effects during the amplification process, which limits their further improvement in output power and affects the purity of laser spectra. In this paper, we introduce four commonly used narrow linewidth seeds. The mechanism and suppression methods of the self-pulse effect in multi-longitudinal mode oscillator seeds are analyzed. Critical technologies essential for the optimization and relevant progress of the multi-longitudinal-mode oscillator seed source and amplifier stages are discussed in detail. A future development outlook is also presented. This paper serves as a useful reference for the design of narrow linewidth fiber lasers based on the multi-longitudinal-mode oscillator seed source.

Development and prospects of enhanced absorption spectroscopy
REN Yi-jie, YAN Chang-xiang, XU Jia-wei
2023, 16(6): 1273-1292.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0246
Abstract(1935) FullText HTML(783) PDF 4881KB(608)
Abstract:

Optical path absorption spectroscopy is an important branch of absorption spectroscopy. In recent years, there has been a proliferation of optical path absorption spectroscopy techniques based on different light source technologies, absorption cavity technologies, and detection methods. As the demands on detection sensitivity and absorption optical path length increased, optical path absorption spectroscopy techniques based on the principle of enhanced absorption emerged, including integrated cavity spectroscopy (ICOS), cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). Enhanced absorption spectroscopy is advantageous for its high spectral resolution, high sensitivity, fast response time, and portability, but it presently lacks a unified concept and clear classification criteria. This paper compares the development history of absorption spectroscopy techniques and clarifies the concept of their multi-optical path. Based on whether resonant absorption occurs in the absorption cavity, the concept of absorption spectroscopy techniques based on resonance is proposed, and the current research status of resonant absorption spectroscopy techniques is analyzed and summarized, and the applications of this technique in various fields are outlined. Finally, the future development of key technologies in resonance absorption spectroscopy is envisioned.

Advances in optical fiber tweezer technology based on hetero-core fiber
LI Hong, ZHU Ying-xin, ZHOU Ya-ni, WANG Hai-bo, DONG Ming-li, ZHU Lian-qing
2023, 16(6): 1293-1304.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0016
Abstract(1169) FullText HTML(430) PDF 6097KB(250)
Abstract:

Optical fiber tweezers are widely used in biochemical analysis, life sciences, and other fields due to their simple structure, flexible operation, and compact size. The hetero-core structure of the optical fiber probe possesses inherent advantages in near-field evanescent wave optical trapping force, core beam coupling transmission, and cross-synergistic application of microfluidic technology, which can realize the functions of cell and subcellular particle collection and transportation, and can significantly improve the three-dimensional particle trapping capability as well as dynamic manipulation level. In this paper, the structural characteristics and application technology research progress of optical fiber tweezers based on different core structures are reviewed. This paper sorts and compares key technologies, including probe preparation, laser source, and coupling mode, in hetero-core optical fiber tweezers systems. It also summarizes and provides a perspective on the role and development of hetero-core fibers with different structures in optical fiber tweezers.

A review of the effect of GaN-Based Micro-LED sidewall on external quantum efficiency and sidewall treatment techniques
KUANG Hai, HUANG Zhen, XIONG Zhi-hua, LIU Li
2023, 16(6): 1305-1317.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0091
Abstract(1113) FullText HTML(236) PDF 4670KB(278)
Abstract:

Micro-LEDs offers the benefits of high brightness, high response frequency, and low power consumption, making them an attractive candidate for future display technologies and Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. Nonetheless, their low External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) currently impedes their scaled mass production and further applications. In order to break through the bottleneck of low EQE, we conducted an analysis of Micro-LED external quantum efficiency’s contributing factors. The influencing factors for EQE are analyzed. It is concluded that the carrier loss and non-radiative recombination caused by sidewall defects are the main reasons for the decrease in EQE. In addition, we summarized the impact of sidewall defects on carrier transport and composites, and we also reviewed the commonly used sidewall treatment technology and repair methods, and pointed out that the existing sidewall treatment methods are helpful but insufficient for improving EQE, and the mechanism of carrier interaction with sidewall defects is not very clear. It is suggested to carry out a thorough and systematic study on the types and distribution of sidewall defects, the mechanism of carrier and sidewall defects, and the defect repair mode in the sidewall treatment process. Finally, future development trends are projected. This paper offers design ideas and theoretical foundations to enhance the external quantum efficiency and accelerate the process of commercialization and mass production of Micro-LEDs.

Recent advances in metasurfaces for polarization imaging
ZHOU Jun-zhuo, HAO Jia, YU Xiao-chang, ZHOU Jian, DENG Chen-wei, YU Yi-ting
2023, 16(5): 973-995.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0234
Abstract(3055) FullText HTML(1115) PDF 6268KB(1252)
Abstract:

Polarization imaging, a novel photoelectric detection technology, can simultaneously acquire the contour information and polarization features of a scene. For specific application scenarios, polarization imaging has the excellent ability to distinguish different objects and highlight their outlines. Therefore, polarization imaging has been widely applied in the fields of object detection, underwater imaging, life science, environmental monitoring, 3D imaging, etc. Polarization splitting or the filtering device is the core element in a polarization imaging system. The traditional counterpart suffers from a bulky size, poor optical performance, and being sensitive to external disturbances, and can hardly meet the requirements of a highly integrated, highly functional, and highly stable polarization imaging system. A metasurface is a two-dimensional planar photonic device whose comprising units are arranged quasi-periodically at subwavelength intervals, and can finely regulate the amplitude and phase of the light field in different polarization directions. Polarization devices based on metasurface are featured with compactness, lightweight and multi-degree freedom, offering an original solution to ultracompact polarization imaging systems. Targeted at the field of polarization imaging, this paper illustrates the functional theory, developmental process and future tendency of related metasurfaces. We discuss the challenges and prospect on the future of imaging applications and systematic integrations with metasurfaces.

Review of the cavity-design of high-energy thin-disk laser multi-pass amplifiers
CHEN Yi, SUN Jun-jie, YU Jing-hua, YAO Zhi-huan, ZHANG Yi-wen, YU De-yang, HE Yang, ZHANG Kuo, PAN Qi-kun, CHEN Fei
2023, 16(5): 996-1009.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0009
Abstract(1369) FullText HTML(683) PDF 6648KB(429)
Abstract:

In order to clarify the cavity design methods of thin-disk multi-pass amplifiers, we summarize the different types of thin-disk multi-pass amplifiers and concludes that there are four fundamental design concepts: (1) 4f relay imaging, (2) resonant cavity design/optical Fourier transform, (3) near-collimated beam transmission, and (4) others. Each amplifier design method is described and the current status of its research is listed in as much detail as possible. By comparing the four types of disk multi-pass amplifiers, it is found that the varying methods have distinct advantages and disadvantages. 4f relay imaging requires a vacuum environment to avoid gas ionization at the focal point, making the mechanics and adjustment more difficult; the resonant cavity design/optical Fourier transform concept multi-pass amplifier has a small spot at the mirrors, making it more suitable for lower energy multi-pass amplifiers; the near collimated beam transmission method has great development potential because it does not require a vacuum environment, but accurately controlling the surface shape of the thin-disk is difficult while the laser is operating. Therefore, from the perspective of laser design, it is necessary to continue to optimize the design of the thin-disk multi-pass amplifier to realize the diversification of application scenarios and the sustainable expansion of output energy.

Research progress of miniature head-mounted single photon fluorescence microscopic imaging technique
FU Qiang, ZHANG Zhi-miao, ZHAO Shang-nan, LIU Yang, DONG Yang
2023, 16(5): 1010-1021.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0007
Abstract(1237) FullText HTML(407) PDF 8052KB(287)
Abstract:

Miniature head-mounted single-photon fluorescence microscopy is a breakthrough approach for neuroscience research that has emerged in recent years. It can image the neural activity of freely moving vivo animals in real time, providing an unprecedented way to access neural signals and rapidly enhancing the understanding of how the brain works. Driven by the needs of brain science research, there have been many types of miniature head-mounted single-photon fluorescence microscopes, such as high-resolution imaging, wireless recording, 3D imaging, two-region imaging and two-color imaging. In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of this new optical neuroimaging technology, we classify its technologies according to the imaging field of view, introduce the characteristics of different types of micro-head-mounted single-photon fluorescence microscopes reported so far, and focus on the optical system scheme and optical performance parameters used. The advantages and disadvantages of different schemes are analyzed and compared and the future direction of development is described to provide reference for the practical application of brain science researchers.

Recent progress of non-line-of-sight imaging reconstruction algorithms in typical imaging modalities
ZHAO Lu-da, DONG Xiao, XU Shi-long, HU Yi-hua, ZHANG Xin-yuan, ZHONG Yi-cheng
2023, 16(3): 479-499.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0186
Abstract(2196) FullText HTML(755) PDF 11662KB(620)
Abstract:

Non-line-of-sight (NLoS) imaging is a promising technique developed in recent years, which can reconstruct hidden scenes by analyzing the information in the intermediate surface, and "see around the corner", and has strong application value in many fields. In this paper, we review the reconstruction algorithm for NLoS imaging tasks. Firstly, considering the crossover and non-independent phenomena existing in the NLoS imaging classification, we use the different features of physical imaging models and algorithm models to reclassify them. Secondly, according to the proposed classification criteria, we respectively review the traditional and deep learning-based NLoS imaging reconstruction algorithms, summarize the state-of-the-art algorithms, and derive the implement principle. We also compare the results of deep learning-based and traditional NLoS imaging reconstruction algorithms for reconstruction tasks. Finally, the current challenges and the future development of NLoS imaging are summarized. Different types of NLoS imaging reconstruction algorithms are comprehensively analyzed in this review, which provides important support for the further development of NLoS imaging reconstruction algorithms.

Research progress of gas detection based on laser-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy
LOU Cun-guang, DAI Jia-liang, LI Rui-kai, LIU Xiu-ling, YAO Jian-quan
2023, 16(2): 229-242.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0137
Abstract(1500) FullText HTML(1011) PDF 7682KB(619)
Abstract:

Laser-Induced Thermo-Elastic Spectroscopy (LITES) is a new developed gas detection technology based on the thermoelastic effect of Quartz Tuning Forks (QTF). The QTF has the advantages of low cost, small volume, high sensitivity and wide spectral response range, and the LITES is becoming a vital method for trace gas detection. In this paper, the basic principle of gas concentration measuring based on LITES is firstly analyzed. Secondly, from the perspective of various technical methods, this paper introduces the methods for improving the sensitivity of QTF detectors, and reviews the research progress of LITES system in recent years. The performance of these systems is evaluated by the signal amplitude, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), minimum detection limit, and Normalized Noise Equivalent Absorption (NNEA) coefficient. Finally, the practical application of LITES in the field of gas detection technology is briefly reviewed, and the methods for further improving its sensitivity are summarized and prospected.

Research progress of temperature, humidity and pressure detection technology using raman lidar
LIU Dong, YAO Qing-rui, ZHANG Si-nuo, GAO Jia-xin, WANG Nan-chao, WU Jiang, LIU Chong
2023, 16(2): 243-257.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0145
Abstract(2119) FullText HTML(864) PDF 4220KB(687)
Abstract:

Atmospheric temperature, humidity and pressure are deemed important atmospheric parameters. Quickly and accurately understanding the temperature, humidity and pressure information of the atmosphere and their changing trends is of great significance to research on meteorology, climatology, and artificial weather research. Raman lidar can obtain various atmospheric environment-related parameters by separating Raman scattering signal inversion, which can achieve high accuracy detection of atmospheric parameter profile information. Raman lidar has unique advantages and potential in atmospheric temperature, humidity and pressure detection. With an introduction to the principle and inverse analysis algorithm of Raman lidar for atmospheric temperature, humidity and pressure detection, this paper also highlights the advantages and disadvantages along with related advances of spectral devices such as filters, etalons and gratings commonly used in Raman lidar. The detection techniques involved in Raman lidar are also included. Finally, typical applications of meteorological parameter measurements by Raman lidar are shown.

Research progress on high-resolution imaging system for optical remote sensing in aerospace
SU Yun, GE Jing-jing, WANG Ye-chao, WANG Le-ran, WANG Yu, ZHENG Zi-xi, SHAO Xiao-peng
2023, 16(2): 258-282.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2022-0085
Abstract(3056) FullText HTML(1203) PDF 10445KB(887)
Abstract:

With the continuous development of optical imaging technology and the growing demand for remote sensing applications, cross-scale high-resolution optical technology has been widely used in the field of remote sensing. In order to obtain more detailed information on the target, domestic and foreign researchers have carried out relevant research in different technical directions. In this paper, through the technical classification of remote sensing imaging, we introduce a representative aerospace optical remote sensing high-resolution imaging system. It focuses on monomer structure, block expandable imaging, optical interference synthesis aperture imaging, diffraction main mirror imaging, optical synthetic aperture and other technologies. It provides a new idea for the development of high-resolution optical remote sensing loads on the ground.

Application of laser in the medical field
GU Yong-gang, NIU Jian, YANG Jian, XU Hong-xing
2023, 16(2): 283-295.   doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0017
Abstract(2845) FullText HTML(1251) PDF 3656KB(732)
Abstract:

With the rapid development of laser technology, the application of laser in the medical field has gained growing attention. Due to its advantages of non-contact, high precision, low damage, portability and operational flexibility, laser treatment significantly enriches the clinical treatment toolkit. Moreover, it has substituted traditional methods for certain diseases and improved the overall medical treatment capability. Currently, laser treatment has gained increasing market share and has a great potential for even more widespread applications. Here, we introduce the laser treatment technique and the requirements of medical laser systems, expound the current status of the applications of laser treatment in clinical departments in a comprehensive manner, and give suggestions regarding to the problems in the laser treatment field in China.

Supervisor: Chinese Academy of Sciences

Sponsors: the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics, and Physics (CIOMP), CAS

Editor-in-Chief: Wang Jiaqi, Academician

ISSN 2097-1842

CN 22-1431/O4

CODEN ZGHUC8

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