| Citation: | DUAN Xiao-ming, ZHAO Yu-qi, WU Jia-ze. Research progress on passive mode-locking technology of 2 μm band solid-state lasers[J]. Chinese Optics. doi: 10.37188/CO.2026-0090
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Ultra-short pulse lasers operating in the 2μm band boast unique merits such as eye safety and compatibility with atmospheric transmission windows, endowing them with immense application value in national defense, medical treatment, communication, scientific research and other fields. As a core method to generate such ultra-short pulses, passive mode-locking technology has become a research hotspot in the field of solid-state lasers. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advances in 2 μm-band passively mode-locked solid-state lasers. Firstly, it elaborates on the fundamental principle of passive mode locking, analyzes the physical mechanisms of diverse mode-locking schemes including Kerr lens mode locking(KLM), and introduces the energy level dynamic characteristics of Tm3+, Ho3+ and their co-doped systems as gain media. Afterwards, three mainstream technical routes, namely Kerr lens mode locking, semiconductor saturable absorber mirror mode locking and low-dimensional nanomaterial mode locking, are discussed in detail as the key focus. This paper compares the performance and implementation approaches of different mode-locking schemes, summarizes the research achievements of various passively mode-locked lasers, and meanwhile discusses and prospects the future development of 2 μm-band passively mode-locked solid-state lasers.
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