| Citation: | HOU Shang-lin, DONG Jie, YANG Xu-dong, LIU Qing-min, XIE Cai-jian, WU Gang, YAN Zu-yong. Gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR temperature and refractive index sensing[J]. Chinese Optics. doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0034
|
To address the challenges of complex metallic film coating processes and low integration in single-parameter detection for existing photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensors, a dual-parameter sensor based on gold nanowire-integrated bias-core PCF-SPR is proposed. Unlike conventional in-hole coatings or metallic film structures, the gold nanowires are directly attached to the fiber cladding via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), eliminating uneven coating issues and significantly simplifying fabrication. By optimizing the asymmetric bias-core fiber structure and leveraging the strong localized field enhancement of gold nanowires, the sensor achieves high-sensitivity synchronous detection of temperature (25−60 °C) and refractive index (1.31−1.40) in dual-polarization modes. The simulation results demonstrate that the x-polarization mode can achieve 1.31−1.40 refractive index detection with maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity of
| [1] |
ABDELMALEK F. Study of the optical properties of corroded gold-aluminum films using surface plasmon resonances[J]. Thin Solid Films, 2001, 389(1-2): 296-300. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)00886-0
|
| [2] |
BARNES W L, DEREUX A, EBBESEN T W. Surface plasmon subwavelength optics[J]. Nature, 2003, 424(6950): 824-830. doi: 10.1038/nature01937
|
| [3] |
YAN H D, LIU B, FAN G H, et al. Tailoring the surface plasmon resonance energy of Au nanowire arrays by defect management and thermal treatment[J]. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2020, 121: 114092. doi: 10.1016/j.physe.2020.114092
|
| [4] |
KELLY K L, CORONADO E, ZHAO L L, et al. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2003, 107(3): 668-677. doi: 10.1021/jp026731y
|
| [5] |
XIA Y, YANG P, SUN Y, et al. One-dimensional nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications[J]. Advanced Materials, 2003, 15(5): 353-389. doi: 10.1002/adma.200390087
|
| [6] |
MIN R, LIU ZH Y, PEREIRA L, et al. Optical fiber sensing for marine environment and marine structural health monitoring: a review[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2021, 140: 107082.
|
| [7] |
LEAL-JUNIOR A G, THEODOSIOU A, MIN R, et al. Quasi-distributed torque and displacement sensing on a series elastic actuator's spring using FBG arrays inscribed in CYTOP fibers[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2019, 19(11): 4054-4061. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2898722
|
| [8] |
LIU Q M, DONG J, LIU J Y, et al. Germanium doped D-shaped PCF-SPR methane high sensitivity sensor[J]. Physica Scripta, 2024, 99(11): 115512. doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad7fa0
|
| [9] |
LUAN N N, WANG R, LV W H, et al. Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(7): 8576-8582. doi: 10.1364/OE.23.008576
|
| [10] |
SARDAR R, FAISAL M. Dual-core dual-polished PCF-SPR sensor for cancer cell detection[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2024, 24(7): 9843-9854. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3358173
|
| [11] |
HASSANI A, SKOROBOGATIY M. Design of the microstructured optical fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensors with enhanced microfluidics[J]. Optics Express, 2006, 14(24): 11616-11621. doi: 10.1364/OE.14.011616
|
| [12] |
RIFAT A A, MAHDIRAJI G A, CHOW D M, et al. Photonic crystal fiber-based surface Plasmon resonance sensor with selective analyte channels and graphene-silver deposited core[J]. Sensors, 2015, 15(5): 11499-11510. doi: 10.3390/s150511499
|
| [13] |
LIU CH, WANG F M, LV J W, et al. A highly temperature-sensitive photonic crystal fiber based on surface Plasmon resonance[J]. Optics Communications, 2016, 359: 378-382. doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2015.09.108
|
| [14] |
RIFAT A A, AHMED R, YETISEN A K, et al. Photonic crystal fiber based plasmonic sensors[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 243: 311-325. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.113
|
| [15] |
LIU CH, SU W Q, WANG F M, et al. Birefringent PCF-based SPR sensor for a broad range of low refractive index detection[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2018, 30(16): 1471-1474. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2018.2856859
|
| [16] |
LI H P, RUAN J, LI X, et al. High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber filled with ethanol and toluene[J]. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2023, 12(12): 127007. doi: 10.1149/2162-8777/ad1208
|
| [17] |
BING P B, HUANG SH CH, SUI J L, et al. Analysis and improvement of a dual-core photonic crystal fiber sensor[J]. Sensors, 2018, 18(7): 2051. doi: 10.3390/s18072051
|
| [18] |
FALAH A A S, WONG W R, MAHDIRAJI G A, et al. Single-mode D-shaped photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor with open microchannel[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2022, 74: 103105. doi: 10.1016/j.yofte.2022.103105
|
| [19] |
DU ZH H, LIU H L. Mid-infrared refractive index photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for ultra-high sensitivity[J]. Laser Physics, 2023, 33(1): 016201. doi: 10.1088/1555-6611/aca4ca
|
| [20] |
LIU Q M, HOU SH L, LEI J L. Design and analysis of D-shaped surface Plasmon resonance fiber biosensor for liquid analytes[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2022, 51(9): 0906007. doi: 10.3788/gzxb20225109.0906007
|
| [21] |
ZHOU CH. Theoretical analysis of double-microfluidic-channels photonic crystal fiber sensor based on silver nanowires[J]. Optics Communications, 2013, 288: 42-46. doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2012.09.060
|
| [22] |
QIN J Y, MENG ZH Y, GAO J L, et al. Surface plasmon enhanced polarization filter of high birefringence photonic crystal fiber with a partial core based on filled silver nanowire[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2020, 60: 102342. doi: 10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102342
|
| [23] |
MESHGINQALAM B, BARVESTANI J. Highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic biosensor with improved malaria detection application[J]. The European Physical Journal Plus, 2022, 137(5): 581. doi: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02801-9
|
| [24] |
LIU Q M, DONG J, HOU SH L, et al. Multi-parameter gold-film embedded PCF sensors based on surface plasmon resonance[J]. Plasmonics, 2024, 20(1): 93-103. doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02263-y
|
| [25] |
SELVENDRAN S, RAJA A S, YOGALAKSHMI S. A highly sensitive surface Plasmon resonance biosensor using photonic crystal fiber filled with gold nanowire encircled by silicon lining[J]. Optik, 2018, 156: 112-120. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.10.157
|
| [26] |
LIU CH, YANG L, LIU Q, et al. Analysis of a surface Plasmon resonance probe based on photonic crystal fibers for low refractive index detection[J]. Plasmonics, 2018, 13(3): 779-784. doi: 10.1007/s11468-017-0572-7
|
| [27] |
WANG J W, LIU CH, WANG F M, et al. Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on coupling effects of dual photonic crystal fibers for low refractive indexes detection[J]. Results in Physics, 2020, 18: 103240. doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103240
|
| [28] |
HE J, WANG J X, YANG L, et al. Ring-core photonic crystal fiber sensor based on SPR for extra-wide refractive index detection[J]. Coatings, 2023, 13(7): 1207. doi: 10.3390/coatings13071207
|
| [29] |
LIU J Y, DONG J, LIU Q M, et al. High-performance gold-nanowires-coated PCF-SPR sensor for refractive index detection[J]. Plasmonics, 2024, 20(6): 3753-3762. doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02582-0
|
| [30] |
LIU M Q, LI X L, LIU W, et al. ARF dual-channel magnetic field and temperature sensor based on the SPR effect[J]. Plasmonics, 2024, 19(5): 2729-2742. doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02194-8
|
| [31] |
XU T F, PU SH L, HUANG S Y, et al. Three-channel photonic crystal fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of magnetic field, temperature, and refractive index[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2025, 25(6): 9593-9599. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3537606
|
| [32] |
LIU J Y, DONG J, HOU SH L, et al. Design of a gold-nanowires embedded PCF for magnetic field and temperature sensing[J]. Plasmonics, 2025, 20(5): 2457-2466.
|
| [33] |
MUMTAZ F, ZHANG B H, ROMAN M, et al. Computational study: windmill-shaped multi-channel SPR sensor for simultaneous detection of multi-analyte[J]. Measurement, 2023, 207: 112386. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112386
|
| [34] |
LYU T T, ARCHAMBAULT C M, HATHAWAY E, et al. Self-limiting sub-5 nm nanodiamonds by geochemistry-inspired synthesis[J]. Small, 2023, 19(33): 2300659. doi: 10.1002/smll.202300659
|
| [35] |
IBRAHIMI K M, KUMAR R, PAKHIRA W. C-grooved dual-core PCF SPR biosensor with graphene/au coating for enhanced early cancer cell detection[J]. Applied Physics A, 2024, 130(6): 439. doi: 10.1007/s00339-024-07593-6
|
| [36] |
AN G W, HAO X P, LI SH G, et al. D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance[J]. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(24): 6988-6992. doi: 10.1364/AO.56.006988
|
| [37] |
LIU Y CH, LI SH G, CHEN H L, et al. Surface plasmon resonance induced high sensitivity temperature and refractive index sensor based on evanescent field enhanced photonic crystal fiber[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2020, 38(4): 919-928. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2019.2949067
|
| [38] |
GUO Y, LI J SH, LI SH G, et al. Dual-polarized optical sensing of microstructure fiber with pentagonal-lattice based on surface plasmon resonance in the near-IR spectrum[J]. Optik, 2020, 202: 163671. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163671
|
| [39] |
CHU S D, NAKKEERAN K, ABOBAKER A M, et al. Design and analysis of surface-plasmon-resonance-based photonic quasi-crystal fiber biosensor for high-refractive-index liquid analytes[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2019, 25(2): 6900309.
|
| [40] |
MELWIN G, SENTHILNATHAN K. High sensitive D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with V-groove analyte channel[J]. Optik, 2020, 213: 164779. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164779
|
| [41] |
LI T SH, ZHU L Q, YANG X CH, et al. A refractive index sensor based on H-shaped photonic crystal fibers coated with ag-graphene layers[J]. Sensors, 2020, 20(3): 741. doi: 10.3390/s20030741
|
| [42] |
BARNES N P, PILTCH M S. Temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients and coherence length for cadmium telluride[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1977, 67(5): 628-629. doi: 10.1364/JOSA.67.000628
|
Figures(9) / Tables(3)
DownLoad:
