面向单端与推挽调制的相同有源层结构双卡帕分布反馈激光器腔体增强效应的仿真研究

刘子铭; Richard SCHATZ; 邱橙; 张楠; 陈泳屹; 秦莉; 王磊; 王立军

doi:10.3724/CO.EN-2026-0007

Article Contents

Chinese Optics > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

LIU Zi-Ming, SCHATZ Richard, QIU Cheng, ZHANG Nan, CHEN Yong-Yi, QIN Li, WANG Lei, WANG Li-Jun. Numerical investigation of a cavity-enhanced dual-κ DFB laser with an identical active layer for single-ended and push-pull modulation[J]. Chinese Optics. doi: 10.3724/CO.EN-2026-0007

Citation:

PDF( 10798 KB)

Numerical investigation of a cavity-enhanced dual-κ DFB laser with an identical active layer for single-ended and push-pull modulation

doi: 10.3724/CO.EN-2026-0007

cstr: 32171.14.CO.EN-2026-0007

LIU Zi-Ming^{1, 2, 3
,},
SCHATZ Richard^{4
,
,},
QIU Cheng^{1
,
,},
ZHANG Nan^{3
,
,},
CHEN Yong-Yi^{1, 5},
QIN Li¹,
WANG Lei³,
WANG Li-Jun^{1, 3}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Department of Optoelectronic Information and Optical Fiber Communication, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
4.
Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
5.
Jlight Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China

Funds: Supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2023YFB2805100); the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province (No. SKL202402019); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62275245); the Dawn Talent Training Program of CIOMP; the Science and Technology Project of Tianjin (No. 24YFYSHZ00250); the Major Key Project of Pengcheng Laboratory; National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2024YFB29NL00100); the PCL-CMCC Foundation for science and innovation (No. 2024ZY2A0020); Mobile Information Networks-National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2026ZD1308000).

More Information

Author Bio:
LIU Zi-ming (1998—) is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is jointly trained at the Pengcheng Laboratory. His research interests include the development of high–speed directly modulated lasers and hybrid external–cavity lasers. E-mail: liuziming98@163.com

SCHATZ Richard (1963—) received the Ph.D. degree from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, in 1995. His research is focused on the modeling, design, and characterization of fiber–optical transmitters (edge emitter lasers, quantum cascade lasers, VCSELs, and modulators), both for on–off keying and multilevel modulation formats. E-mail: rschatz@kth.se

QIU Cheng (1984—) received the Ph.D. degree from Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2019. His current research interests include wide range tunable laser source, optical networks on chips, optical field tuning on photonics active device, inverse design of passive and active photonic devices. E-mail: qiucheng@ciomp.ac.cn

ZHANG Nan (1984—) received the Ph.D. degree in condensed matter physics from the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2014. His research interests include high–speed electro–optic modulators, semiconductor lasers, and photonic integration, as well as silicon–based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration and device physics. E-mail: zhangn06@pcl.ac.cn
Corresponding author: rschatz@kth.se; qiucheng@ciomp.ac.cn; zhangn06@pcl.ac.cn
Received Date: 02 Mar 2026
Accepted Date: 22 Apr 2026

Available Online: 15 Sep 2026

Abstract

Abstract

The exponential growth of large models and cloud computing is driving demand for unprecedented modulation speeds in short-reach data center links. While cavity-enhanced effects such as photon-photon resonance (PPR) and detuned loading (DL) offer a promising pathway, their practical implementation in directly modulated lasers (DMLs) often faces a critical trade-off: achieving a flat, high-bandwidth response typically requires complex fabrication techniques like butt-joint regrowth, whereas simpler identical active layer (IAL) designs suffer from uneven small-signal modulation response. In this work, we numerically investigate a dual-κ grating distributed feedback (DFB) laser based on an IAL structure that overcomes this trade-off. The design eliminates the need for butt-joint regrowth while effectively flattening the small-signal response. We compare its performance under single-ended and push-pull modulation schemes. The optimized laser exhibits a simulated small-signal modulation bandwidth of 185 GHz with multiple PPR peaks under single-ended modulation, and a simulated small-signal modulation bandwidth of 94 GHz with suppressed low-frequency roll-off under push-pull modulation. Notably, both schemes generate clear eye diagrams at 200 Gbit/s NRZ in simulation, demonstrating their potential for ultra-high-speed operation. Furthermore, tolerance analysis confirms robustness against typical fabrication variations. The proposed IAL-based dual-κ DFB laser therefore appears to be a promising cavity-design approach for future high-speed short-reach optical interconnects. Further work is still needed to address power efficiency and practical electrical bandwidth limitations.
- directly modulated laser,
- distributed feedback laser,
- single-ended modulation,
- push-pull modulation,
- photon-photon resonance effect,
- detuned loading effect

FullText(HTML)

References(56)

References

[1]	TUCKER R S. High-speed modulation of semiconductor lasers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1985, 32(12): 2572-2584.
[2]	LIU Z M, QIU CH, CHEN Y Y, et al. Breaking bandwidth limits in high-speed directly modulated laser: synergistic strategies from conventional methods to cavity enhancement effects[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 192: 113668. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113668
[3]	HUANG J O, LI CH, LU R G, et al. Beyond the 100 Gbaud directly modulated laser for short reach applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(4): 041306. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/4/041306
[4]	ZAH C E, BHAT R, PATHAK B N, et al. High-performance uncooled 1.3-μm Al_xGa_yIn_1–x–yAs/InP strained-layer quantum-well lasers for subscriber loop applications[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1994, 30(2): 511-523. doi: 10.1109/3.283799
[5]	PARILLAUD O, VAN DIJK F, VODJDANI N. Realization of 20 GHz directly modulated 1.55 μm DFB lasers using partially strain compensated quantum wells structures[C]. International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, IEEE, 2005: 551-553.
[6]	RALSTON J D, WEISSER S, ESQUIVIAS I, et al. Control of differential gain, nonlinear gain and damping factor for high-speed application of GaAs-based MQW lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1993, 29(6): 1648-1659. doi: 10.1109/3.234417
[7]	WEISSER S, LARKINS E C, CZOTSCHER K, et al. 37 GHz direct modulation bandwidth in short-cavity InGaAs/GaAs MQW lasers with C-doped active regions[C]. 8th IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1995 Annual Meeting, IEEE, 1995: 91-92.
[8]	UOMI K, AOKI M, TSUCHIYA T, et al. Dependence of high-speed properties on the number of quantum wells in 1.55 μm InGaAs-InGaAsP MQW λ/4-shifted DFB lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1993, 29(2): 355-360. doi: 10.1109/3.199289
[9]	WEISSER S, LARKINS E C, CZOTSCHER K, et al. Damping-limited modulation bandwidths up to 40 GHz in undoped short-cavity In_0.35Ga_0.65As-GaAs multiple-quantum-well lasers[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1996, 8(5): 608-610. doi: 10.1109/68.491554
[10]	FUKAMACHI T, ADACHI K, SHINODA K, et al. Wide temperature range operation of 25-Gb/s 1.3-μm InGaAlAs directly modulated lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2011, 17(5): 1138-1145. doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2011.2114644
[11]	NAKAHARA K, SUGA K, OKAMOTO K, et al. 112-Gb/s PAM-4 uncooled (25°C to 85°C) directly modulation of 1.3-μm InGaAlAs-MQW DFB BH lasers with record high bandwidth[C]. 45th European Conference on Optical Communication, IEEE, 2019: 1-3.
[12]	SHINOHARA K, MIYAGOSHI R, SUZUKI Y, et al. 106-Gbps PAM4 operation at an extinction ratio above 3.5 dB using a conventional buried-heterostructure directly modulated laser[C]. 2023 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, IEEE, 2023: 1-3.
[13]	DUMITRESCU M, TELKKÄLÄ J, KARINEN J, et al. High-speed directly-modulated lasers with photon-photon resonance[C]. 23rd International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, IEEE, 2011: 1-4.
[14]	WANG Y C, CHEN R Y, HSIEH P F, et al. Phase-shifted distributed feedback lasers with two-layer moiré gratings[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2020, 32(11): 631-634. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2020.2988833
[15]	DOU ZH P, WANG J, SUN CH ZH, et al. L-band directly-modulated distributed feedback lasers with low chirp and high extinction ratio[C]. 2024 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) and International Conference on Information Photonics and Optical Communications, IEEE, 2024: 1-3.
[16]	NAKAHARA K, WAKAYAMA Y, KITATANI T, et al. Direct modulation at 56 and 50 Gb/s of 1.3-μm InGaAlAs ridge-shaped-BH DFB lasers[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2015, 27(5): 534-536. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2014.2384520
[17]	MATSUI Y, PHAM T, SUDO T, et al. 28-gbaud PAM4 and 56-Gb/s NRZ performance comparison using 1310-nm Al-BH DFB laser[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016, 34(11): 2677-2683. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2016.2542579
[18]	KJEBON O, SCHATZ R, LOURDUDOSS S, et al. Modulation response measurements and evaluation of MQW InGaAsP lasers of various designs[J]. Proceedings of the SPIE, 1996, 2684: 138-152.
[19]	MATSUI Y. Directly modulated laser technology: past, present, and future[M]//CHANG F. Datacenter Connectivity Technologies. New York: River Publishers, 2017: 87-171.
[20]	KJEBON O, SCHATZ R, CARLSSON C, et al. Experimental evaluation of detuned loading effects on distortion in edge emitting DBR lasers[C]. 2002 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, IEEE, 2002: 125-128.
[21]	MORTHIER G, SCHATZ R, KJEBON O. Extended modulation bandwidth of dbr and external cavity lasers by utilizing a cavity resonance for equalization[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2000, 36(12): 1468-1475. doi: 10.1109/3.892568
[22]	MATSUI Y, SCHATZ R, PHAM T, et al. 55 GHz bandwidth distributed reflector laser[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2017, 35(3): 397-403. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2017.2650678
[23]	RAJESWARI G V, MOEHRLE M, SIGMUND A, et al. Record 4 × 106 gbps transmission from a directly modulated laser array using photon-photon resonance[C]. 2025 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, IEEE, 2025: 1-3.
[24]	TROPPENZ U, KREISSL J, MÖHRLE M, et al. 40 Gbit/s directly modulated lasers: physics and application[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2011, 7953: 79530F.
[25]	PANG X D, SALGALS T, LOUCHET H, et al. 200 Gb/s optical-amplifier-free IM/DD transmissions using a directly modulated O-band DFB+R laser targeting LR applications[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2023, 41(11): 3635-3641. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2023.3261421
[26]	CHE D, MATSUI Y, SCHATZ R, et al. 200-Gb/s direct modulation of a 50-GHz class laser with advanced digital modulations[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2021, 39(3): 845-852. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2020.3043374
[27]	MAO Y F, REN ZH L, LU G, et al. Modulation bandwidth enhancement in distributed reflector laser based on identical active layer approach[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2018, 10(3): 1502308.
[28]	BAN D CH, CHEN J, JIN Y, et al. Demonstration of a directly modulated laser achieving bandwidth exceeding 50 GHz with an integrated active feedback waveguide[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(12): 2855-2862. doi: 10.1364/PRJ.529799
[29]	MA X, QI H F, DING Y D, et al. Demonstration of a three-active-section DFB laser with photon-photon resonance and detuned loading effects to obtain enhanced bandwidth and maintained high output power[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 182: 112127. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112127
[30]	DOU ZH P, WANG J, SUN CH ZH, et al. A compound-cavity distributed feedback laser with bandwidth over 50 GHz based on uniform gratings[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2024, 36(24): 1437-1440. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3434623
[31]	DOU ZH P, WANG J, SUN CH ZH, et al. A dual-segment distributed feedback laser with 70 GHz bandwidth[C]. 2024 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) and International Conference on Information Photonics and Optical Communications, IEEE, 2024: 1-3.
[32]	REN M H, LIU Z Q, JIA SH H, et al. C-band 33-GHz high flatness photon-photon resonance directly modulated semiconductor lasers[J]. Optics Express, 2025, 33(22): 45525-45538. doi: 10.1364/OE.572886
[33]	QI J Q, XI Y P, LI X. Enhanced modulation bandwidth by exploiting photon resonance in push-pull modulated DFB lasers[C]. 2015 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, IEEE, 2015: 127-128.
[34]	MONTROSSET I, BARDELLA P. Laser dynamics providing enhanced-modulation bandwidth[C]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2014, 9134: 91340H.
[35]	MONTROSSET I, BARDELLA P. Design and simulation of quantum-dot-based push-pull DFB lasers[C]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2018, 10526: 1052605.
[36]	CHEN J Y, MACIEJKO R, MAKINO T. Dynamic properties of push-pull DFB semiconductor laser[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1996, 32(12): 2156-2165. doi: 10.1109/3.544763
[37]	NOWELL M C, CARROLL J E. Push-pull modulated DFB lasers with low chirp and enhanced cut-off frequency for high speed systems[C]. IEE Colloquium on High Capacity Optical Communications, IET, 1994: 5/1-5/6.
[38]	MARCENAC D, NOWELL M C, CARROLL J E. Theory of enhanced AM-modulation bandwidth in Push-pull DFB lasers[C]. Proceedings of LEOS'94, IEEE, 1994: 163-164.
[39]	FLANIGAN B J, CARROLL J E, NOWELL M C, et al. Improved resonance and chirp mechanisms for multigigabit/s push-pull modulated DFB lasers[J]. IEE Proceedings – Optoelectronics, 1996, 143(1): 49-56. doi: 10.1049/ip-opt:19960137
[40]	NOWELL M C, CARROLL J E, ZHANG L M. Push-pull multi-gigabit/s modulated DFB lasers with tow chirp and high cut-off frequency[C]. Proceedings of Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optica Publishing Group, 1994: CWJ1.
[41]	MARCENAC D D, NOWELL M C, CARROLL J E. Theory of enhanced amplitude modulation bandwidth in push-pull modulated DFB lasers[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1994, 6(11): 1309-1311. doi: 10.1109/68.334822
[42]	CHI J W, LI X, NIU CH N, et al. Enhanced modulation bandwidth by delayed push-pull modulated DFB lasers[J]. Micromachines, 2023, 14(3): 633. doi: 10.3390/mi14030633
[43]	CHI J W, LI X, NIU CH N, et al. Output optical power enhancement of push-pull modulated DFB laser with asymmetric structure[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2023, 15(5): 1502208. doi: 10.1109/jphot.2023.3312388
[44]	BAN D CH, WANG J, WANG X, et al. Improvement on stability of direct modulation laser with integrated active feedback by partial corrugated gratings[J]. Optics Express, 2023, 31(18): 28778-28791. doi: 10.1364/OE.495842
[45]	BARDELLA P, MONTROSSET I. A new design procedure for dbr lasers exploiting the photon-photon resonance to achieve extended modulation bandwidth[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2013, 19(4): 1502408. doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2250260
[46]	MATSUI Y. Two-kappa DBR laser: US, US11233375B2[P]. 2022-01-25.
[47]	NOWELL M C, ZHANG L M, CARROLL J E, et al. Chirp reduction using push-pull modulation of three-contact lasers[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1993, 5(12): 1368-1371. doi: 10.1109/68.262543
[48]	ZOZULIA A, SCHATZ R, RIHANI S, et al. C-band directly modulated lasers with tunable photon-photon resonance in InP membrane[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2024, 60(6): 2200312. doi: 10.1109/jqe.2024.3475745
[49]	CHACIŃSKI M G, SCHATZ R, ISAKSSON M, et al. Effects of detuned loading on the modulation performance of widely tunable MG-Y lasers[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2008, 6997: 699709.
[50]	CHACIŃSKI M, SCHATZ R. Impact of losses in the Bragg section on the dynamics of detuned loaded DBR lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2010, 46(9): 1360-1367. doi: 10.1109/JQE.2010.2048013
[51]	MATSUI Y, SCHATZ R, CHE D, et al. Low-chirp isolator-free 65-GHz-bandwidth directly modulated lasers[J]. Nature Photonics, 2021, 15(1): 59-63. doi: 10.1038/s41566-020-00742-2
[52]	LIU Z M, SCHATZ R, QIU C, et al. High-speed directly modulated partial corrugated grating distributed feedback laser with multiple photon-photon resonances[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2025, 13990: 1399009.
[53]	SCHATZ R. Dynamics of spatial hole burning effects in DFB lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1995, 31(11): 1981-1993. doi: 10.1109/3.469279
[54]	FEISTE U. Optimization of modulation bandwidth in DBR lasers with detuned Bragg reflectors[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1998, 34(12): 2371-2379. doi: 10.1109/3.736110
[55]	WENZEL H, BANDELOW U, WUNSCHE H J, et al. Mechanisms of fast self pulsations in two-section DFB lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1996, 32(1): 69-78. doi: 10.1109/3.481922
[56]	BJORK G, NILSSON O. A new exact and efficient numerical matrix theory of complicated laser structures: properties of asymmetric phase-shifted DFB lasers[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1987, 5(1): 140-146. doi: 10.1109/JLT.1987.1075402