Advances in signal enhancement mechanism and technology of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
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摘要: 激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种新的材料识别及定量分析技术。但是光谱的重复性低限制其由定性分析向定量分析的发展。因此提高激光诱导等离子光谱信号信噪比及等离子体的空间稳定性对于提高光谱信号的可重复性、降低基体效应等不利因素影响有着积极的作用。同时光谱信号信噪比的增强可降低对激光器输出能量的要求，有效降低了激光诱导击穿光谱集成系统的成本，有利于此技术向更多领域拓展。本文对实验中采用的双脉冲或多脉冲增强，放电脉冲再激发，空间限域，磁场束缚和微波辅助增强四大类方法加以总结及概括。在此基础上深入探讨光谱增强的物理机制，从而为进一步提高光谱信号稳定性及定量化分析的精确度提供有力的理论支持。Abstract: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a new material identification and quantitative analysis technique, and the low repeatability of the emission spectrum is a key factor in influencing and hindering technology transition from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis. Therefore, improving the single-to-noise ratio(SNR) and the space stability of plasma are a positive way to improve the spectral repeatability and reduce matrix effect and other unfavorable factors. In addition, SNR enhancement can reduce the requirement of laser output energy, thus effectively reducing the cost of the system based on LIBS, and furthermore facilitating the expansion of LIBS technology to more areas. In this paper, double-pulse and multiple-pulse enhancement, discharge pulse re-excitation, spatial confinement, magnetic field confinement and microwave assisted enhancement are summarized and concluded. Accordingly, the physical mechanism of the spectral enhancement is deeply discussed, which provides strong theoretical basis for further improving of the spectral repeatability and the accuracy of quantitative analysis.
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图 1 双脉冲LIBS实验系统示意，实验中采用两台调Q的Nd:YAG 1 064 nm(Big Sky公司生产)激光器，第一台脉宽为7.1 ns，激光能量为40 mJ/束，第二台激光器脉宽6.4 ns，激光能量为40 mJ/束，重复频率都为0.7 Hz，激光光束采用垂直入射方式对样品进行激发[2]
Figure 1. Diagram of Double-pulses LIBS system. The system consists of two Nd:YAG 1 064 nm Q-switched lasers(Big Sky Company). The pulse width of laser 1 and laser 2 is 7.1 ns, 6.4 ns respectively, and the energy output both 40 mJ/pulse. The repetition frequency both are 0.7 Hz and the angle is ninety degrees between laser 1 and laser 2[2]
图 2 双脉冲共线型LIBS实验装置，所用的两台激光器均为Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q激光器，脉宽10 ns，重复频率0.5 Hz，光束直径6 mm[3]
Figure 2. Schematic of collinear dual-pulse LIBS system, and the lasers used in the experiment both are Nd:YAG 1 064 nm Q-switched laser with the pulse duration 10 ns, the repetition rate is 0.5 Hz, and the beam diameter is 6 mm[3]
图 6 高压放电脉冲辅助LIBS系统示意，激光器为Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q激光器(Lumonics YM-200)，脉宽20 ns(X1=2.5 mm，X2=37 mm，X3=3.6 mm，X4=2.2 mm)[14]
Figure 6. LIBS system assisted by high-voltage pulse spark discharge. The laser used in experiment is Q-switched Nd:YAG 1 064 nm(Lumonics YM-200), and the pulse width 20 ns(X1=2.5 mm, X2=37 mm, X3=3.6 mm, X4=2.2 mm)[14]
图 9 限域和放电脉冲联合增强LIBS光谱信号装置，LIBS系统所用的是澳大利亚产的LIBS系统(XRF, Spectrolaser 4000，澳大利亚)，激光器为Nd:YAG 532 nm被动调Q激光器[21]
Figure 9. Combining the spatial and spark discharge assistant LIBS system. A Spectrolaser 4000 LIBS system(XRF, Australia) was used in the experiment including the Q-switched Nd:YAG 532 nm laser[21]
图 11 半球形限域微腔的LIBS系统示意，激光器采用三次谐波的Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q激光器(Quantel Brilliant, 脉宽:5 ns)重复频率为10 Hz。激光能量密度控制在42.9 J/cm2。限域微腔直径为5, 6, 7, 8 mm可调[24]
Figure 11. Hemispherical cavities system of confined LIBS. The laser consisted of a third harmonic Q-swathed Nd:YAG 355 nm laser(Quantel Brilliant, pulse duration:5 ns), and the repetition rate is 10 Hz with the energy density output 42.9 J/cm2. The diameter of confined cavities is adjustable such as 5, 6, 7, 8 mm[24]
图 13 共线双脉冲限域LIBS系统，两台激光器都采用Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q激光器，重复频率为1 Hz，脉宽为10 ns。激光输出能量为0~180 mJ可调，试验中为20 mJ[26]
Figure 13. Collinear dual pulse and spatial confined LIBS system. Both the laser used in the lab are Q-switched Nd:YAG 1 064 nm laser(10 ns pulse width) and the repetition rate is 1 Hz with the output energy 0~180 mJ, while each laser energy used only 20 mJ actually[26]
图 14 利用朗缪尔探针来研究等离子体在限域条件下的各种参数变化情况图示，图中左上角为矩形限域微腔，左下角是朗缪尔探针的构成示意。其中诱导等离子体激光为脉冲激光Nd:YAG 1 064 nm(SpectronTM, SL800)，脉宽为18 ns，输出能量为160 mJ/束，重复频率为10 Hz[28]
Figure 14. Langmuir probe combining rectangular spatial confined LIBS system. The rectangular confined cavities is shown in the upper-left inset, and the Langmuir probe is shown in the lower left. The laser used pulsed laser Nd:YAG 1 064 nm(SpectronTM, SL800), pulse width is 18 ns and the energy output 160 mJ with the repetition 10 Hz[28]
图 16 研究不同能级的限域增强因子的实验图，所用激光器KrF准分子激光器(Lambda Physik，Compex 205)248 nm, 脉宽为23 ns脉冲激光器，输出激光经过聚焦后能量密度为10 J cm-2[30]
Figure 16. Diagram of a spatial confined LIBS. The KrF excimer laser was used in the experiment(Lambda Physik, Compex 205), the pulse width is 23 ns with the output energy density 10 J cm-2 which has been focused[30]
图 17 使用聚四氟乙烯为限域微腔的LIBS系统部分示意，激光器为Nd:YAG 532 nm被动调Q脉冲激光器，脉宽为5 ns, 激光能量为80 mJ和130 mJ可选[31]
Figure 17. A part of confined LIBS system using the polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) as confined unit. The laser is Nd:YAG 532 nm Q-switched pulsed laser with the pulse width 5 ns, and the output energy is alternative with 80 mJ and 130 mJ[31]
图 18 不同尺寸柱形微腔限域的LIBS系统示意，激发光源为Nd:YAG 1064 nm被动调Q激光器，脉宽为4 ns，输出能量50mJ/束。图中光纤为20个光纤纵向排列的光线束[32]
Figure 18. Spatial confined LIBS system with different size of confinement unit. The excitation source is Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser, the pulse width is 4 ns with the energy output 50 mJ. The fiber bundle shown in the pic is consisted of 20 fibers[32]
图 20 激光投影成像LIBS限域系统示意，包括一台投影激光器Nd:YAG 532 nm, 脉宽为500 ps的被动调Q光器(Quantel, France)，一台烧蚀激光器：Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q(Beamtech, China)，脉宽8 ns，输出能量控制在30 mJ/束[34]
Figure 20. Diagram of shadowgraph LIBS confined system, including a shadowgraph laser:Q-switched Nd:YAG 532 nm(Quantel, France) and the pulse width 500 ps. Another is plasma induced laser:Q-switched Nd:YAG 1 064 nm(Beamtech, China) with the pulse width 8 ns and 30 mJ energy output[34]
图 21 不同延迟不同限域直径条件下得到的光谱强度的变化图，激发光源为KrF：248 nm准分子激光器(Lambda Physik, Compex 205, 脉宽23 ns)，输出激光能量100~600 mJ可调[36]
Figure 21. Diagram of spatial confined LIBS with different pipe diameter and different delay time. The laser is KrF excimer 248 nmLambda Physik, Compex 205, wavelength 248 nm, pulse duration 23 ns) and the energy output is 100~600 mJ alternative[36]
图 24 磁场束缚等离子体装置，所用Nd:YAG 532 nm被动调Q激光器，3~5 ns脉宽，输出激光能量为~400 mJ。所加磁场强度为~0.6 T[48]
Figure 24. Instrument of LIBS assisted by magnetic confinement. The laser used in the experiment is Q-switched Nd:YAG 532 nm laser, the pulse width is 3~5 ns with the energy output ~400 mJ. The magnetic field ~0.6 T was produced between the poles[48]
图 27 研究磁场束缚LIBS的装置，球形腔体可以提供不同的气体和气压环境，所用激光器为Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q激光器，脉宽10 ns[58]
Figure 27. Instrument of LIBS combining the magnetic confinement, in which the different gas and pressure were provided by the spherical cavity. The laser is Q-switched Nd:YAG 1 064 nm laser with the pulse width 10 ns[58]
图 30 近场辐射器尖端和等离子体关系示意，烧蚀激光用Nd:YAG 1 064 nm被动调Q激光器，脉宽6 ns。微波产生器发生2.45 GHz，最大功率为3000 W的微波[65]
Figure 30. Relation between near-field applicator(NFA) and plasma. The laser used in the experiment is Q-switchedNd:YAG 1 064 nm with pulse width 6 ns. The microwave is 2.45 GHz with maximum power 3000 watts[65]
表 1 4种增强方法的数据对比
Table 1. Comparison of four enhancement methods
待测样品 待测元素 所用方法 增强因子 效果 钢样 Fe ns双脉冲(1 064 nm, 1 064 nm) 6~8 光谱RSD从5.0%↓2%[1] CuCl2溶液 Cu ns双脉冲(1 064 nm, 1 064 nm) / 从几十到几百mg/L ↓2 mg/L[2-3] CuSO4溶液 Cu ns双脉冲(532 nm, 532 nm) ~2 LOD=9.87mg/L, 是传统6倍[4] Ni棒 Ni 800 nm钛宝石fs激光器 10[5] / 铜样 Cu 248 nm, fs激光器 9.5 34%↓9% Zn 7.2 25%↓8% 铁样 Fe 9.1 RSD[8]26%↓12% 铝样 Al 5.6 43%↓14% 硫酸盐 Ba 8.1 22%↑25% 硅 Si 4.3 32%↓9% 铜样 Cu 60 ns脉宽放电辅助 150~400 S/N↑~6倍[11] 铝样 Al 土壤 Pb，Mg，Sn μs脉宽放电辅助 / RSD:2%↓，LOD:
1.5 μg/g，34 μg/g，0.16 μg/g[13]硅样 Si ns脉宽放电辅助 / S/N↑~3倍[15] 铝样 Mg
Al500 ns脉宽放电辅助 ~15
~5S/N↑~3[17] 钢样
土壤Fe
Fe，As铜制柱形微腔 ~10
3~5/
S/N: 58±2↑143±5钢样 V 铝制半球形微腔 ~4.2 定标R2=0.946↑0.981[20] 土壤 Cd 半球形微腔 3~5 RSD:6.7%↓4.31%,
LOD: 10 mg/kg↓[21]硅样
铜样Si
Cu铝制柱形微腔 1.5~3
2.5S/N：↑~2倍[22]
RSD：~2[23]煤样 C PTFE柱形微腔 ~2 RSD：↓21%和↓36%[27] 煤样 C PTFE柱形微腔 / 定标R2=0.90↑0.99，
RMSEP= 2.24%↓1.63%[31]铝合金
锰溶液多种元素
Mn均匀磁场束缚, 0.5T 1.2~2[46-47] / 钢样 V，Mn 均匀磁场束缚，~0.4T ~2 LOD: 41和56 ppm↓11和30 ppm[52] 铝陶瓷
土壤Na
Cu，Ag微波辅助 33
/光辐射寿命从几百μs↑20个ms[55]
LOD: 30 mg/kg和23.3 mg[56]放射性氧化物Gd2O3 Cd 微波辅助 32 LOD: 48 mg/kg↓2 mg/kg[57][58] InCl3溶液中
固体Cu/Al2O3In
Cu微波辅助 60
~100LOD：为传统的11.5倍[59]
LOD:为传统的93倍[60]
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