Design and analysis of stress-free clamping of mirrors used in free-electron laser beamlines
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摘要: 反射镜是自由电子激光光束线中的重要光学元件，反射镜自重引起的面形误差会严重影响光束线的成像质量。为减小自重引起的面形误差，基于Bessel点理论提出了重力补偿方案，并设计了无应力夹持装置，利用有限元软件对该装置进行仿真分析。以尺寸为440 mm×50 mm×50 mm的反射镜为例进行分析，传统支撑方式下反射镜下表面面形误差为1.647 μrad，采用本文提出的夹持方案后面形误差降至0.085 7 μrad，优于工程指标0.1 μrad。为防止反射镜在工作模式切换时发生窜动，可对反射镜添加不超过2 N的微小夹持力，此时反射镜的面形误差为0.093 9 μrad。此外，还对装置进行了动力学分析，结果显示：该设计方案可有效防止装置存在较低的固有频率，在使用过程中不会产生共振现象，满足光束线的使用需求。Abstract: The reflector is an important optical element in free-electron laser beamlines. Deformation error caused by gravity can seriously affect the image quality of a beamline. To reduce deformation error, a gravity compensation scheme based on the Bessel point theory is proposed and a stress-free clamping device is designed. Taking a 440 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm mirror as an example, the analysis results indicate that the deformation error in the bottom surface of a mirror clamped with the traditional support method is 1.647 μrad. Adopting the newly designed device proposed in this paper, the results of a finite element analysis showed that the deformation error reduced to 0.085 7 μrad, which is better than the engineering index of 0.1 μrad. To prevent the mirror from moving when switching modes, a small clamping force of no more than 2 N can be added to the mirror, at which point the surface error of the mirror becomes 0.093 9 μrad. Additionally, a dynamic analysis of the device is also carried out, which indicates that the device mutes the low natural frequency, which means that resonance will not occur during operation. Therefore, this scheme satisfies our requirements for the beamline.
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图 2 梁的弯曲理论和平面应力理论计算得出的反射镜下表面形变量
Figure 2. Deformations in the bottom surface of mirror calculated by beam bending theory and plane stress theory
图 4 子午方向支撑间距为240~250 mm时反射镜底面在竖直方向上的形变量
Figure 4. Vertical deformation of bottom surface when the space of the support along meridian is 240~250 mm
图 5 子午方向支撑间距为240~250 mm的斜率误差RMS曲线
Figure 5. Slope error RMS curve when the space of the support along meridian is 240 ~ 250 mm
图 6 反射镜支撑点处沿弧矢方向的线段
Figure 6. Line segment along the sagittal direction at the support point of the mirror
图 7 弧矢方向支撑间距为22~42 mm时反射镜支撑点处上表面在竖直方向上的形变量
Figure 7. Slope error RMS curve of mirror when the space of the support along sagittal is 22~42 mm
图 8 四点支撑时反射镜下表面在竖直方向上的形变量云图
Figure 8. Vertical deformation nephogram in bottom surface of mirror with four-point supporting
图 9 子午方向支撑间距为246 mm时反射镜下表面在竖直方向上的形变量
Figure 9. Vertical deformation of bottom surface of mirror when the space of the support along meridian is 246 mm
图 10 反射镜下表面支撑点沿弧矢方向的形变量
Figure 10. Vertical deformation at support point in bottom surface of mirror along sagittal
图 11 反射镜光斑区域支撑点处弧矢方向的形变量
Figure 11. Vertical deformation at support points of the footprint area in the mirror along sagittal
图 14 反射镜无应力夹持装置的形变云图
Figure 14. Deformation nephogram of stress-free clamping equipment
图 15 夹持力大小为0~3 N时底面沿子午方向在竖直方向的形变量
Figure 15. Vertical deformation of bottom surface when clamping force is 0~3 N
图 16 夹持力大小为0~3 N时的斜率误差RMS曲线
Figure 16. Slope error RMS curve when clamping force is 0~3 N
表 1 反射镜主要参数
Table 1. The main parameters of mirror
Substrate material Single-crystalline Si Coating B4C Mirror dimension/mm 440x50x50 Footprint on mirror/mm 380x10 Useful area/mm 400x30 Incidence angle/(°) 1.5 Mirror radius ∞/>30 km Slope error/μrad 0.1 Roughness/nm 0.3 
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表 2 弧矢方向支撑间距为22, 28, 36和42 mm时支撑点处不同线段的面形误差RMS
Table 2. Deformation error RMS of different lines at support point when the space of the support along sagittal are 22, 28, 36, 42 mm (μrad)
RMS 22 mm 28 mm 36 mm 42 mm A 0.014 3 0.014 59 0.014 85 0.014 96 B 2.893 2.885 2.866 9 3.19 C 0.116 8 0.059 8 0.032 0.016 7
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