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摘要:
激光通信是以光波为载体实现信息传输的通信技术，具有高速率、高带宽、小尺寸、抗干扰和保密性好等优势，具备实现空间信息网络高速传输和安全运行的关键能力。本世纪以来，国内外主要研究机构致力于研究激光通信技术在实现组网过程中所需要解决的一系列问题，包括一点对多点同时激光通信、节点内多路信号全光交换与转发、节点动态随遇接入、网络动态拓扑结构设计等关键技术，并开展了众多演示验证实验，部分研究成果已经投入应用。本文在对空间激光通信组网技术进行分析探讨的基础上，概述了国内外激光通信组网技术的发展现状，重点对卫星星座、卫星中继和航空网络等领域中激光通信组网技术的应用情况和发展现状进行了分析和总结，对国内相关研究技术方案、实验验证情况等进行了综述，最后对激光通信组网技术与应用的发展趋势进行了预测。
Abstract:Laser communication utilizes light waves as the transmission medium. It offers many advantages, including high data rates, expansive bandwidth, compactness, robust interference resistance, and superior confidentiality. It has the critical capability to enable high-speed transmission and secure operation of space information networks. Prominent research institutions have committed to studying a series of challenges that need to be solved in the process of networking laser communication technology, including point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication, all-optical switching and forwarding of multi-channel signals within nodes, node dynamic random access, and network topology design. Numerous demonstration and verification experiments have been conducted, with a subset of these research results finding practical applications. Based on the analysis and discussion of space laser communication networking technology, this paper summarizes the development of laser communication networking technology both domestically and internationally, focusing on the application of laser communication networking technology in the fields of satellite constellations, satellite relays, and aviation networks. Furthermore, it presents a review of pertinent domestic research methodologies, experimental validations, and technical solutions. Finally, it predicts the development trend of laser communication networking technology and applications.
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图 1 激光通信技术在空间信息网络中的应用
Figure 1. Applications of laser communication technology in a spatial information network
图 2 对应OSI七层模型通信子网的空间信息网络架构
Figure 2. Laser communication technology corresponding to the OSI seven-layer model communication subnet
图 3 一点对多点激光通信技术方案
Figure 3. Point-to-multipoint laser communication technology solutions
图 4 一点对多点激光通信终端结构方案
Figure 4. Point-to-multipoint laser communication terminal structure solution
图 5 “一点对多点”激光通信系统原理图。（a）多分光镜叠加型天线结构[24]、（b）同心球面透镜天线结构[24]、（c）双光楔棱镜结构[23]、（d）旋转抛物面天线结构[25]、（e）基于旋转抛物面结构的一对多同时激光通信系统[25]、（f）四个波束的跟踪系统结构[26]、（g）一对多卫星间激光测通传一体化系统[27]
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of point-to-multipoint laser communication system. (a) Multi-beam splitter superimposed antenna structure[24]; (b) concentric spherical lens antenna structure scheme[24]; (c) double light wedge prism[23]; (d) rotating parabolic antenna structure scheme[25]; (e) a point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication system based on a rotating paraboloid structure[25]; (f) four-beam tracking system[26]; (g) the integrated laser measurement and transmission system between point-to-multipoint satellites[27]
图 6 一对多同时激光通信系统样机图
Figure 6. Prototype photo of point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication system
图 7 “一对二”同时激光通信外场试验（a）系统组成图、（b）节点布置图及（c）现场图
Figure 7. (a) System composition diagram, (b) node layout, and (c) test site map of one-to-two-point simultaneous laser communication field test
图 8 西安光机所的光交换技术发展进程
Figure 8. The development process of optical switching technology at the Xi'an Institute of Optics and Mechanics (CAS)
图 9 节点内全光交换技术研究进展。（a）WC-OCS和格式转换的三节点FSO网络的实验系统示意图[29]；（b）单泵浦FWM实验设置图[30]；（c）基于WOCS的光交换原理[31]
Figure 9. Research progress on nodal all-optical switching technology. (a) Schematic diagram of the 3-node FSO network with the simultaneous WC-OCS and format conversion[29], (b) experimental setup diagram of single-pump FWM[30], and (c) optical switching principle diagram based on WOCS[31]
图 10 激光通信组网应用情况统计图
Figure 10. Statistical graph of laser communication networking application
表 1 一点对多点激光通信方案的性能对比
Table 1. Comparison of performance parameters of point-to-multipoint laser communication schemes
参数 HAWK终端 球形转台 硅基光学
相控阵液晶光学相控阵 特殊光机结构
（旋转抛物面）目前水平 规划参数 工作模式 一对一×4 一对一×4 一对多 一对多 一对多 一对四 数据传输速率/Gbps 7 2.5 70 25 100+ 10 通信光束发散角/μrad 80 100 68 - - 50 偏转最大角度 方位角：0−360° ±5°（内框） 50°（单孔径） ±25°（单孔径） ±45°（单孔径） 方位角360°，俯仰角15° 平均切换时间 - <30 s 200 ms <10 ms <5 ms <30 s 传输距离 50 km 100 km 54 m 1000 km系统功耗 110 w 1000 w- <80 W <30 W <150 W 系统体积 279 mm×256 mm×546 mm Φ250 mm - 175 mm×125 mm×50 mm - Φ300 mm×750 mm 系统质量 13 kg 25 kg - 1 kg 45 kg 跟踪精度 - 20~30 μrad - 20 μrad 3 μrad 通光孔径 31 mm 150 mm 3 mm 25 mm 等效收发口径≥85 mm 功耗 2.9 W 5 W 72.53 μW <3 W 转向机构 无 二轴四框架 无 无 无 二维摆镜 
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表 2 一对多同时激光通信光端机参数对照表
Table 2. Parameter comparison table of point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication optical terminals
参数 “一对二”原理
验证装置“一对三”原理样机 “一对三”工程样机 “一对四”原理样机 “一对三”测通传
一体化原理样机通信光波长 1550 nm/1064 nm1550 nm/1530 nm、1561 nm/1605 nm；1530 nm1605 nm/1571 nm/1550 nm1550 nm/1530 nm1550 nm通信速率 1−2.5 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 1 Gbps−10 Gbps 10 Gbps 通信距离（等效） 50 km 100～ 1000 km100～ 1000 km1000 km1000 km通信光束散角 100 µrad 300 μrad（主）
40 μrad（从）200 μrad（主）
40 μrad（从）80 μrad（主）
80 μrad（从）50 μrad（主、从） 信标光束散角 - 1 mrad（主、从） 2 mrad（主、从） 2 mrad（主、从） 300 μrad（主、从） 通信范围 360°（方位）
38°（俯仰）360°（方位）
30°（俯仰）360°（方位）
30°（俯仰）360°（方位）
30°（俯仰）360°（方位）
30°（俯仰）通信光发射功率 1 W 5 W（主）
2 W（从）5 W（主）
2 W（从）5 W（主）
2 W（从）4 W（主、从） 状态 完成实验室原理验证 完成实验室原理验证 完成野外演示验证 完成实验室原理验证 正在进行实验室原理验证
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表 3 卫星星座激光通信组网典型案例
Table 3. Typical cases of laser communication networking in satellite constellations
系统 HALO AlphaSAT Starlink Transport Layer Space-BACN 搭载平台 LEO-GEO LEO-GEO LEO LEO GEO-LEO 年份 2012 2012 2017 2019 2021 国家 美国 欧洲 美国 美国 美国 通信速率 4200 Gbps100 Mbps 1 Gbps 200 Gbps 100 Gbps 链路距离/km - 36000 km1204 km3000 ~7000 km10000 km
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表 4 卫星中继激光通信组网典型案例
Table 4. Typical cases of satellite relay laser communication networking
系统 EDRS HICALI LCRD LOCNESS JDRS 搭载平台 Sentinel1-Alpha GEO-LEO GEO-Ground GEO-Ground GEO-LEO 年份 2014 2021 2019 2019 2020 国家 欧洲 日本 美国 美国 日本 通信速率 1.8 Gbps 10 Gbps 2.88 Gbps/622 Mbps 10/100 Gbps 1.8 Gbps 工作波长 1064 nm1541.35 nm1550 nm- 1540 nm/1560 nm链路距离 45000 km45000 km38000 km73395 km45000 km通信光功率 2.2 W 2.5 W 0.5 W - - 光学口径 135 mm 150 mm 108 mm 220 mm 150 mm 调制/解调方式 BPSK/零差相干探测 DPSK DPSK/16PPM - RZ-DPSK-DD/IM-DD/直接探测 质量 50 kg 50 kg 69 kg - 50 kg左右 功耗 160 W 160 W 130 W - -
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表 5 航空平台激光通信组网典型案例
Table 5. Typical cases of laser communication networking on aviation platforms
系统 ORCLE ORCA Falcon FOENEX Loon Aquila Ultra Air 搭载平台 Aircraft Aircraft Aircraft Aircraft H-A-P(stratospheric) Aircraft Aircraft 年份 2008 2008 2011 2012 2015 2016 2021 国家 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 通信速率 155 Mpbs 2.5 Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s 6 Gbps 130 Mpbs 1 Gbps 10 Gbps 链路距离 25 km 18 km 132 km 230 km 100 km 17 km 4500 km通信光功率 0.5 W 0.2 W 10 W 0.5 W 0.1 W 1 W 15.85 W 光学口径 5.08 cm 2.54 cm 3.05 cm 10.75 cm - - - 调制/解调方式 OOK OOK OOK FM/IM OOK QPSK -
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