Study on visible polarization characteristics of airport ground material based on BPDF correction
-
摘要:
为研究典型机场地物材质的偏振特性，提供偏振成像仪器研制所需的理论模型，本文以P-G模型为基础，首先分析了大角度光线入射，阴影遮蔽效应更严重的问题，通过将镜面反射点等效为三维球体的方法，利用球面三角学公式优化了阴影遮蔽函数；根据不同目标存在独特的色散特征，引入色散模型，代替受波长影响的传统二向反射分布函数(BRDF)参量，综合漫反射、体散射，构建了新的二向偏振分布函数(BPDF)模型。实验阶段，标定线偏振度精度，通过多角度BRDF实验，与基于动态TS算法的模型参量拟合，得到典型机场地物材质的线偏振度与模型六参量拟合结果，经多组测试取均值，得到拟合参量中均方根粗糙度参量的测试值，验证了修正BPDF模型的有效性。仿真阶段，以均方根误差(RMSE)作为精度指标，将修正BPDF模型、对照模型、实验结果三者对比，分析了探测角、方位角、入射角对偏振特性的影响，4种实验目标在探测角变化时，精度较对照模型分别提升了4.39%、4.00%、4.17%、5.26%，且大探测角下的RMSE也小于0.05，修正后模型可用于机场地物目标等粗糙材质的偏振特性研究。最后，仿真了拟合参量对目标偏振特性的影响，结果表明线偏振度与折射率成正比关系，与表面粗糙程度呈反比关系。以上，证明了修正BPDF模型的准确性，为机场地物目标的偏振特性研究提供了思路。
-
关键词:
- 偏振特性 /
- 镜面反射 /
- 色散 /
- 遮蔽效应 /
- 二向偏振分布函数(BPDF)
Abstract:In order to study the polarization characteristics of typical airport ground materials, this paper provides a theoretical model. This model is required for the development of polarization imaging instruments. Based on the P-G model, it first analyzes serious shadow masking effects. These effects occur when light is incident at a large angle. It then optimizes the shadow masking function using the spherical trigonometry formula. This optimization equates the specular reflection point to a three-dimensional sphere. Due to the unique dispersion characteristics of different targets, a new bidirectional polarization distribution function (BPDF) model is introduced. This model replaces the traditional BRDF parameter affected by wavelength and body scattering. The new BPDF model integrates diffuse reflection and body scattering. In the experimental stage, the accuracy of line polarization degree is calibrated. The line polarization degree of typical airport ground material is fitted with model parameters. This fitting is based on the dynamic TS algorithm through multi-angle BRDF experiments. The fitting model's six parameters are used to obtain the root mean square roughness parameter. This process verifies the validity of the modified BPDF model. In the simulation stage, the root mean square error (RMSE) is used as the accuracy index. The modified BPDF model, control model, and experimental results are compared. This comparison analyzes the effects of detection angle, azimuth angle, and incidence angle on polarization characteristics. The accuracies of four experimental targets improved by 4.39%, 4.00%, 4.17%, and 5.26%. This is compared with the control model. The root mean square error is less than 0.05 for large detection angles. This allows the modified model to study polarization characteristics of rough materials like airport ground targets. Finally, the effect of fitting parameters on polarization characteristics is simulated. Results show that line polarization is positively related to the refractive index. It is inversely related to surface roughness. The accuracy of the modified BPDF model is thus proved. This provides ideas for studying polarization characteristics of airport ground targets.
-
图 1 散射三分量与BRDF几何关系图
Figure 1. Scattering three components and Geometric relationship diagram of BRDF
图 6 相对方位角180°和入射角20°、40°、60°下，探测角与线偏振度的关系
Figure 6. Detection angle versus line polarization at 180° relative azimuth and 20°, 40°, and 60° incident angles
图 7 入射角为60°下，
$2{\text{π }}$ 范围内线偏振度仿真结果（左对照模型，中修正后BPDF模型，右实验测量值）；Figure 7. Simulation results of line polarizability in the range of
$2{\text{π }}$ at an incidence angle of 60° (left control model, middle modified BPDF model, right experimental measurements)
图 8 入射角=探测角=60°时，修正模型与实验结果对比
Figure 8. Comparison between the modified model and experimental results for incident angle = detection angle = 60°;
图 9 探测角60°、相对方位角90°～270°范围内，入射角10°、20°、30°、40°、50°、60°的仿真结果
Figure 9. Simulation results for incidence angles of 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° in the range of detection angles of 60° and relative azimuth angles of 90° to 270°.
图 10 相对方位角180°和探测角20°、40°、60°范围内，入射角与线偏振度的关系
Figure 10. Relationship between angle of incidence and linear polarization for a range of relative azimuth angles of 180° and detection angles of 20°, 40°, and 60°
表 1 DOLP标定结果
Table 1. DOLP calibration results
Polarized light (DOLP) Incident light (DOLP) Emerging light Maximum error (%) 0° 1 0.966 3.4% 45° 1 0.975 2.5% 90° 1 0.972 2.8% 135° 1 0.969 3.1% 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 参量拟合结果
Table 2. Results of parametric fitting
材料 ${\varepsilon _{\text{i}}}$ ${\varepsilon _{\text{r}}}$ $\delta (\mu m)$ ${\delta ^*}(\mu m)$ ${{\text{k}}_{\text{s}}}$ ${{\text{k}}_{\text{m}}}$ ${{\text{k}}_{\text{v}}}$ 45#钢板 4.56 -2.54 0.188 0.195 0.902 0.045 0.003 A3铁板 14.14 -9.55 0.302 0.306 0.521 0.334 0.015 硅酸盐水泥 1.37 1.48 0.318 0.328 0.311 0.327 0.009 环氧树脂 2.69 -1.62 0.120 0.122 0.773 0.202 0.031
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 探测角变化,目标仿真值与实测值的均方根误差
Table 3. Root mean square error of simulated and measured Values of target
$DOLP$ for detection angle change材料 RMSE1 RMSE2 精度提升/% 45#钢板 0.0634 0.0195 4.39% A3铁板 0.0514 0.0114 4.00% 硅酸盐水泥 0.0859 0.0442 4.17% 环氧树脂 0.0677 0.0151 5.26%
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 入射角变化,仿真值与实测值的均方根误差
Table 4. Root mean square error of simulated and measured Values of target
$DOLP$ for incidence angle change材料 RMSE1 RMSE2 精度提升/% 45#钢板 0.0675 0.0214 4.61% A3铁板 0.0583 0.0148 4.35% 硅酸盐水泥 0.0573 0.0264 3.09% 环氧树脂 0.0681 0.0230 4.51%
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 付强, 战俊彤, 张肃, 等. 恶劣条件下多谱段偏振目视辅助光学成像技术[J]. 光学学报,2023,43(15):1511004. doi: 10.3788/AOS230961FU Q, ZHAN J T, ZHANG S, et al. Multispectral polarization visually assisted optical imaging technology under harsh conditions[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(15): 1511004. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/AOS230961 [2] 段锦, 付强, 莫春和, 等. 国外偏振成像军事应用的研究进展(上)[J]. 红外技术,2014,36(3):190-195. doi: 10.11846/j.issn.1001_8891.201403003DUAN J, FU Q, MO CH H, et al. Review of polarization imaging technology for international military application I[J]. Infrared Technology, 2014, 36(3): 190-195. (in Chinese). doi: 10.11846/j.issn.1001_8891.201403003 [3] 胡浩丰, 黄一钊, 朱震, 等. 基于深度学习复杂环境的偏振成像技术研究进展(特邀)[J]. 红外与激光工程,2024,53(3):20240057. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20240057HU H F, HUANG Y Z, ZHU ZH, et al. Research progress on polarimetric imaging technology in complex environments based on deep learning[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2024, 53(3): 20240057. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/IRLA20240057 [4] WANG Y, SU Y Q, SUN X Y, et al. Principle and implementation of stokes vector polarization imaging technology[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(13): 6613. doi: 10.3390/app12136613 [5] ZHONG A Q, FU Q, HUANG D F, et al. Performance analysis of joint imaging system with polarized, infrared, and visible cameras for multi-sensor imaging[J]. Optik, 2023, 295: 171512. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171512 [6] 李淑军, 姜会林, 朱京平, 等. 偏振成像探测技术发展现状及关键技术[J]. 中国光学,2013,6(6):803-809.LI S J, JIANG H L, ZHU J P, et al. Development status and key technologies of polarization imaging detection[J]. Chinese Optics, 2013, 6(6): 803-809. (in Chinese). [7] 王佳林, 段锦, 付强, 等. 基于Mueller矩阵的偏振抑制反光方法[J]. 光学学报,2023,43(20):2012003. doi: 10.3788/AOS230572WANG J L, DUAN J, FU Q, et al. Polarization suppression reflection method based on Mueller matrix[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(20): 2012003. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/AOS230572 [8] PRIEST R G, GERMER T. Polarimetric BRDF in the microfacet model: theory and measurements[C]. Proceeding of 2000 Meeting of the Military Sensing Symposia Specialty Group on Passive Sensors, 2000, 1: 169-181. (查阅网上资料, 未找到本条文献出版者信息, 请补充) . [9] 尚可, 晏磊, 张飞舟, 等. 从BRDF到BPDF: 遥感反演基础模型的演进初探[J]. 中国科学: 信息科学,2024,54(8):2001-2020. doi: 10.1360/SSI-2023-0193SHANG K, YAN L, ZHANG F ZH, et al. From BRDF to BPDF: a premilinary study on evolution of the basic remote sensing quantitative inversion model[J]. Scientia Sinica Informationis, 2024, 54(8): 2001-2020. (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/SSI-2023-0193 [10] LIU S Y, LIN Y, YAN L, et al. Modeling bidirectional polarization distribution function of land surfaces using machine learning techniques[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(23): 3891. doi: 10.3390/rs12233891 [11] 白鹏涛, 孙兴伟, 董祉序, 等. 基于改进的微面元偏振BRDF模型的粗糙表面偏振反射特性分析[J]. 激光杂志,2022,43(8):24-29.BAI P T, SUN X W, DONG ZH X, et al. Analysis of rough surface polarization reflection characteristics based on improved micro-surface polarization BRDF model[J]. Laser Journal, 2022, 43(8): 24-29. (in Chinese). [12] 张潞, 樊金浩, 鲁宇轩, 等. 改进鲸鱼优化算法的壁面红外反射特性求解[J]. 中国光学(中英文),2024,17(3):595-604. doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0095ZHANG L, FAN J H, LU Y X, et al. Infrared reflection characteristics of the wall solved by improved whale optimization algorithm[J]. China Optics, 2024, 17(3): 595-604. (in Chinese). doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0095 [13] ZHAN H Y, VOELZ D G, KUPINSKI M. Parameter-based imaging from passive multispectral polarimetric measurements[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(20): 28832-28843. doi: 10.1364/OE.27.028832 [14] RENHORN I G E, BOREMAN G D, et al. Developing a generalized BRDF model from experimental data[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(13): 17099-17114. doi: 10.1364/OE.26.017099 [15] YANG M, XU W B, SUN ZH Y, et al. Degree of polarization modeling based on modified microfacet pBRDF model for material surface[J]. Optics Communications, 2019, 453: 124390. doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124390 [16] 刘卿, 战永红, 杨迪, 等. 粗糙表面偏振二向反射分布函数的影响参数及其反演[J]. 飞行器测控学报,2015,34(5):481-488.LIU Q, ZHAN Y H, YANG D, et al. Parameters of the polarimetric bidirectional reflectance distribution function of rough surfaces and parameter inversion[J]. Journal of Spacecraft TT & C Technology, 2015, 34(5): 481-488. (in Chinese). [17] RENHORN I G E, HALLBERG T, BOREMAN G D. Efficient polarimetric BRDF model[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(24): 31253-31273. doi: 10.1364/OE.23.031253 [18] 韦统方. BRDF优化统计建模及应用[D]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学, 2012.WEI T F. The optimized statistical modeling for BRDF and its application[D]. Xi’an: Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, 2012. (in Chinese). [19] MINNAERT M. The reciprocity principle in lunar photometry[J]. Astrophysical Journal, 1941, 93: 403-410. doi: 10.1086/144279 [20] FU Q, LIU X W, WAMG L T, et al. Analysis of target surface polarization characteristics and inversion of complex refractive index based on three-component model optimization[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2023, 162: 109225. [21] 郁道银. 工程光学[M]. 2版. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2006.YU D Y. Engineering Optics[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2006. (in Chinese) (查阅网上资料, 未找到本条文献英文信息, 请确认) . [22] 王鑫. 基于多角度多光谱偏振遥感的地物目标识别研究[D]. 长春: 中国科学院大学(中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所), 2021.WANG X. Research on ground target recongnition based on multi-angle and multispectral polarimetric remote sensing[D]. Changchun: Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021. (in Chinese). [23] WANG Y, SU Y Q, SUN X Y, et al. Principle and implementation of stokes vector polarization imaging technology[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(13): 6613. (查阅网上资料, 本条文献与第4条文献重复, 请确认) . [24] 王莉雅. 基于pBRDF模型的目标表面偏振特性分析[D]. 长春: 长春理工大学, 2022.WANG L Y. Polarization characteristics analysis of target surface based on pBRDF model[D]. Changchun: Changchun University of Science and Technology, 2022. (in Chinese). [25] 战俊彤, 邹宏扬, 张肃, 等. 基于pBRDF与动态TS算法的粗糙度测量装置及方法: 中国, 116448020A[P]. 2023-07-18.ZHAN J T, ZOU H Y, ZHANG S, et al. Roughness measuring device and method based on pBRDF and dynamic TS algorithm: CN, 116448020A[P]. 2023-07-18. (in Chinese). -
下载:
计量
- 文章访问数: 47
- HTML全文浏览量: 19
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
