电磁编码超材料的理论与应用

张磊; 刘硕; 崔铁军

doi:10.3788/CO.20171001.0001

电磁编码超材料的理论与应用

doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0001

东南大学信息科学与工程学院, 江苏南京 210096

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金资助项目 61571117

详细信息

作者简介:
张磊(1992-), 男, 安徽芜湖人, 博士研究生, 2015年于西安电子科技大学获得学士学位, 主要从事透射式、反射式超材料天线方面的研究。E-mail:cheunglee@126.com

通讯作者:
崔铁军, E-mail:tjcui@seu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O441.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-09-14
- 修回日期: 2016-09-27
- 刊出日期: 2017-02-01

Theory and application of coding metamaterials

School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61571117

More Information

Corresponding author: CUI Tie-jun, E-mail:tjcui@seu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 本文系统地对编码超材料、数字超材料及现场可编程超材料的新进展进行了综述，讨论其对电磁波的实时调控和构造多功能器件的能力。首先，引入1-bit编码超材料，由“0”和“1”两种编码单元构成，分别对应于相位相反的电磁响应。通过控制不同的“0”和“1”编码序列，可以调控电磁波，并实现不同功能。这种1-bit编码超材料可以扩展到2-bit，甚至更高比特。其次，介绍了一种由开关二极管来控制的数字编码超材料，每个编码单元可通过二极管的开和关来获得不同的相位响应，进而获得不同的数字态。结合现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）控制系统，实现了对数字超材料的实时可编程设计，构造出现场可编程超材料。最后，研究了编码超材料对太赫兹波的调控，包括太赫兹波宽带漫散射及其对目标雷达散射截面（RCS）的缩减、各向异性编码超材料对太赫兹波的极化调控和波束调控等。数值仿真和实验测试结果吻合很好，验证了编码超材料的出色性能，展示了编码超材料调控电磁波的多功能性。编码超材料对微波及太赫兹波的实时控制可用于制作波束分离、波束偏折、极化转换等功能器件，也可在宽带范围内有效缩减目标RCS。
- 编码超材料 /
- 数字可编程 /
- 超表面 /
- 太赫兹 /
- 漫反射 /
- 各向异性
Abstract: In this paper, we review the recent progress on coding metamaterial, digital metamaterial and programmable metamaterial, and discuss their capacities in manipulating the electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time and constructing the multi-functional devices. First, we present 1-bit coding metamaterials that are composed of only two types of unit cells with 0 and π phase responses, named as '0' and '1' elements, respectively. By encoding '0' and '1' elements with controlled sequences, we can manipulate EM waves and realize different functionalities. The concept of coding metamaterials can be extended from 1-bit coding to 2-bit coding or higher. Second, we introduce a unique metamaterial particle that has either 0' or 1' response electrically controlled by a biased diode. Based on this particle, we present digital metamaterials with unit cells that possess either 0' or 1' state. Using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), we realize the digital controls over the coding metamaterial, thereby realizing a programmable metamaterial. Finally, we study the manipulations to terahertz waves using the coding metamaterial, such as to produce wideband diffusions of terahertz waves, achieving the efficient reductions of radar cross sections (RCSs), as well as to propose anisotropic coding metamaterials, realizing distinct coding behaviors for different polarizations. The measured results are in good agreements with the simulated results, demonstrating the powerful abilities of coding metamaterials to control EM waves. The property of coding metamaterials to manipulate EM waves can be used for designing beam splitter, realizing anomalous reflections and polarization conversions, and reducing RCSs of metallic objects in wide frequency bands.
- coding metamaterials /
- digital and programmable /
- metasurfaces /
- terahertz /
- diffusion /
- anisotropic

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图 1 1-bit编码超表面^[40]

Figure 1. Illustration of the 1-bit coding metasurface^[40]

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图 2 编码序列“010101…/010101…”和“010101…/101010…”下1-bit编码超表的远场方向图^[40]

Figure 2. Full-wave simulated scattering patterns of 1-bit periodic coding metasurfaces with coding sequences "010101…/010101…" and "010101…/101010…"^[40]

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图 3 数字超表面的基本单元

Figure 3. Metamaterials particle for realizing the digital metasurface

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图 4 由FPGA控制实现可编程超表面的流程图

Figure 4. A flow diagram for realizing a programmable metasurface controlled by the FPGA hardware

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图 5 不同编码序列下可编程超表面的散射方向图

Figure 5. Scattering patterns of the programmalbe metasurface under different coding squences

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图 6 编码超表面及闽科夫斯基单元^[46]

Figure 6. Coding metasurface and Minkowski coding particle^[46]

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图 7 1-bit、2-bit和3-bit编码的构成单元^[46]

Figure 7. Designed 1-, 2-, and 3-bit Minkowski particles using different-scale Minkowski loops^[46]

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图 8 2-bit编码超表面在1、1.4、和1.8 THz处的三维散射方向图^[46]

Figure 8. 3D scattering pattern of the 2-bit coding metasurface at 1, 1.4, and 1.8 THz^[46]

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图 9 编码超表面的加工流程和样品^[46]

Figure 9. Fabrication process and sample of the coding metasurface^[46]

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图 10 实验测试系统^[46]

Figure 10. A custom-built measurement system^[46]

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图 11 垂直入射波下2-bit编码超表面散射系数的测试和仿真结果对比^[46]

Figure 11. Measured and simulated backward scattering coefficients of the 2-bit coding metasurface in the frequency range from 0.8 to 2 THz under normal incidence^[46]

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图 12 各向异性编码超材料的双功能示意图

Figure 12. An example to demonstrate the flexibility of the anisotropic coding metasurface

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图 13 2-bit各向异性编码超表面的16种单元结构^[47]

Figure 13. Structure of the 16 unit cells for the 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface^[47]

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图 14 M1编码下1-bit各向异性超表面三维远场散射方向图(a)x极化(b)y极化^[47]

Figure 14. 3D far-field scattering patterns of the 1-bit anisotropic coding metasurface with coding matrix M1 (a) under the x polarization and (b) the y polarization^[47]

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图 15 M₁编码下2-bit各向异性超表面的三维远场散射方向图(a)x极化(b)y极化^[47]

Figure 15. 3D far-field scattering patterns of the 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface with coding matrix M₁(a) under the x polarization and (b) the y polarization^[47]

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图 16 M2编码下2-bit各向异性超表面的仿真结果^[47]

Figure 16. Simulated results of the 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface with coding matrix M2^[47]

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