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摘要: 由于具有高效率以及可溶液法制备等优点，钙钛矿太阳能电池受到了广泛关注。溶液法制备钙钛矿薄膜通常使用旋涂法。然而，溶液旋涂法具有厚度不均匀、原料浪费严重等缺点，因而不适合制备大面积钙钛矿薄膜。目前，制备大面积均匀的钙钛矿太阳能电池仍是一项挑战。为此，本文使用一种新方法（气相辅助刮刀涂布法）来克服这一问题。该方法能够制备出大面积、高结晶度的均匀钙钛矿薄膜。此外，通过改变前驱液的浓度，能够得到不同厚度的钙钛矿薄膜。进一步研究发现，当前驱溶液浓度为1.0 M时，可以制备出光伏性能最佳的钙钛矿太阳能电池。当电池活性面积分别为0.112 5 cm2和1.0 cm2时，在AM1.5G（100 mW/cm2）模拟太阳光下，其光电转化效率的最高值为17.76%（平均效率16.9%）和16.3%。这为大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备提供了新思路。Abstract: Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have attracted widespread attention due to their high efficiency and easy preparation with solution method. Normally, perovskite thin films are prepared via spin coating. Spin coating is not suitable for large-area preparation due to its drawbacks, including nonuniformity of film thickness and excessive waste of materials. Large-area preparation of uniform perovskite solar cells is still a big challenge today. Therefore, a vapor-assisted doctor blading(VADB) process is demonstrated here to prepare large-area and highly crystallized perovskite thin films. In addition, by changing the concentration of the precursor solution, perovskite films of different thicknesses are produced. Furthermore, we find that the performance of PSCs with a precursor concentration of 1.0 M is the best. The devices show the highest efficiencies of 17.76%(average 16.9%) and 16.3% under simulated AM1.5G(100 mW/cm2) solar light on an active area of 0.112 5 cm2 and 1.0 cm2, respectively. This provides a new possible way for the large-area preparation of PSCs.
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Key words:
- perovskite solar cell /
- vapor assisted doctor blading /
- large area
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图 1 气相辅助刮刀涂布法的示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of vapor assisted doctor blading process
图 2 气相辅助刮刀涂布法制备钙钛矿的扫描电镜图：(a~d)表面形貌图和(e~h)器件截面图
Figure 2. SEM images of VADB processed perovskite:(a-d) surface topography and (e-h) cross section
图 3 不同前驱溶液浓度对应钙钛矿薄膜的厚度以及表面颗粒尺寸和器件光电转化效率
Figure 3. The influence of the precursor concentration on the thickness and average grain size of perovskite films and power conversion efficiency
图 4 不同前驱溶液浓度(0.4 M、0.7 M、1.0 M以及1.3 M)钙钛矿对应的(a) X射线衍射图；(b)紫外可见吸收光谱图；(c)电流密度-电压曲线；(d)外部量子效率图；(e)稳态光致发光光谱图以及(f)时间分辨荧光光谱图
Figure 4. (a)XRD; (b)UV-Vis absorption spectra; (c)current density-voltage(J-V) curves; (d)EQE spectra; (e)steady-state PL and (f)time-resolved photoluminescence(TRPL) spectra corresponding to different precursor concentrations(0.4 M, 0.7 M, 1.0 M, and 1.3 M)
图 5 气相辅助刮刀涂布法制备钙钛矿器件的(a)小面积J-V曲线(活性面积为0.112 5 cm2)和(b)大面积J-V曲线(活性面积为1 cm2); (c)器件光电转换效率统计图和(d)白光LED照射下(50 mW/cm2)器件的最大功率点输出图
Figure 5. (a)Small-area J-V curve(active area of 0.112 5 cm2) and (b)large-area J-V curve(active area of 1 cm2) of VADB processed PSCs; (c)histogram of the power conversion efficiency of devices; (d)the maximum-power-point output results under the illumination of a white LED(50 mW/cm2) for the perovskite devices prepared by VADB process
图 6 气相辅助刮刀涂布法制备的(a)基于1.0 M前驱液、不同MAI量所对应的J-V曲线，(b)大面积钙钛矿薄膜(4 cm×4 cm)的厚度统计图，插图是薄膜照片
Figure 6. (a)J-V curves of PSCs prepared with different amounts of MAI and 1.0 M precursor solution and (b)the thickness distribution of a large-area perovskite film (4 cm×4 cm) prepared via the VADB process. The inset is a photograph of the film
表 1 不同前驱液浓度制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池效率对比
Table 1. Comparison of efficiencies of perovskite solar cells prepared with different precursor concentrations
Concentration/(mol·L-1) JSC/(mA·cm-2) VOC/V FF/% PCE/% 1.3 22.34 0.939 4 69.5 14.58 1.0 22.62 0.980 8 79.7 17.68 0.7 19.89 0.846 5 72.0 12.12 0.4 15.85 0.775 5 58.9 7.24 
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表 2 不同前驱液浓度制备的钙钛矿薄膜的TRPL拟合结果
Table 2. Fitting results of TRPL spectra of perovskite films prepared with different precursor concentrations
Concentration/(mol·L-1) τ1/ns τ2/ns τAvg/ns A1/% A2/% 1.3 29.24 3.12 8.00 19 81 1.0 46.21 9.94 22.29 34 66 0.7 25.48 3.25 7.24 18 82 0.4 20.35 3.13 5.42 13 87
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表 3 文献报道不同面积PSCs(不包括组件)效率对比
Table 3. Efficiency comparison of large- and small-area PSCs(module not included) reported in literatures
方法 组分(下标省略) 效率/% 面积/cm2 发表年份 旋涂（溶剂浴） MAPbI 17.1 0.12 2015 [43] 15.3 1.2 真空快抽旋涂 FAMAPbIBr 20.6 0.16 2016[44] 19.6 1 刮刀涂布 MAPbI 18.5 0.12 2017 [45] 17.3 1.2 旋涂 FAMAPbIBr 22.6 0.09 2018[8] 20.9 1 喷墨打印 MAPbICl 18.6 0.04 2018[46] 17.7 2.02 旋涂（吹气） FAMACsPbIBr 20.6 0.1 2018[47] 19.6 1.02 气相辅助喷涂 FAPbIBr 16.2 0.1 2019[33] 16.1 2 气相辅助刮刀涂布 MAPbI 17.7 0.11 本文 16.3 1
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表 4 不同MAI量制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池效率对比
Table 4. Comparison of efficiencies of perovskite solar cells prepared with different amounts of MAI
MAI/mg JSC/(mA·cm-2) VOC/V FF/% PCE/% 14 20.3 0.959 77.9 15.2 11 21.8 0.953 78.9 16.4 8 22.6 0.981 79.7 17.7 5 22.3 0.880 48.3 9.47
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