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摘要: 空间激光通信凭借其带宽优势，成为未来高速空间通信不可或缺的有效手段，是近年来国际上的研究热点。本文详细介绍了美国、欧洲和日本在空间激光通信技术领域的最新研究进展和未来发展规划，总结了国内外空间激光通信演示计划的主要参数指标。通过对空间激光通信最新研究计划的分析，归纳出空间激光通信高速化、深空化、集成化、网络化、一体化5个发展趋势，以及需要突破的高阶调制、高灵敏度探测、多制式兼容、"一对多"通信等关键技术。为我国激光通信设备及相关研究提供借鉴和参考。Abstract: Free-space laser communication, by virtue of its bandwidth advantage, has become an indispensable and effective means for high-speed space communication in the future, and is a research hotspot in recent years. This paper gives a detailed introduction in the latest research progress and future development planning of free-space laser communication technology in the United States, Europe and Japan, and summarizes the main parameters of the free-space laser communication demonstration program at home and abroad. Through deep analysis of the latest research plan of free-space laser communication, we summarize five future development trends of free-space laser communication, namely high-speed, deep-space, multifunction, networking, and integration, as well as key technologies that are expected to break through, such as high-order modulation, high-sensitivity detection, multi-system compatibility and "one-to-many" communication. These technologies provide guidance and reference for free-laser communication equipment and related research in China.
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图 4 ILLUMA-T演示示意图及终端图片
Figure 4. ILLUMA-T demonstration and laser communication terminal
图 6 EDRS演示系统与EDRS-A接收的图片
Figure 6. EDRS demonstration system and EDRS-A receiving image
图 10 激光发射模块和光放大模块设计图
Figure 10. Pulsed laser transmitter and optical fiber amplifier design
图 12 OPTEL-D终端原理设计图及CPA结构图
Figure 12. Design schematic of OPTEL-D terminal and configuration of CPA
图 15 空间激光通信高速化示意图
Figure 15. Schematic of high-speed space laser communication development
表 1 空间激光通信演示计划
Table 1. Space laser communication demonstrations timeline
美国 欧洲 日本 中国 过去空间激光通信试验 ●1995：GOLD(NASA JPL), GEO-GND, 0.8/0.5 μm, IMDD, 1 Mbps；
● 2001: GeoLITE(NRO), GEO-GND
● 2013：LRO(NASA GSFC), Lunar-GND, 1 064.3 nm, PPM, 300 bps；
● 2013：LLCD(NASA GSFC), Lunar-GND, 1 550 nm, PPM, 622 Mbps；
● 2014：OPALS(NASA JPL), ISS-GND, 1 550 nm, IMDD, 30~50 Mbps；●2001：SILEX(ESA), GEO-LEO, GEO-GND, 0.8 μm, IMDD, 50 Mbps；
●2006：LOLA(ESA), GEO-Air, 0.8 μm, IMDD, 50 Mbps；
●2008：NFIRE(DLR), LEO-LEO, LEO-GND, 1 064 nm, BPSK, 5.6 Gbps；
●2016：EDRS-A(ESA), GEO-LEO, GEO-GND, 1 064 nm, BPSK, 1.8 Gbps●1994: ETS-VI(NICT), GEO-GND, 0.8/0.5 μm, IMDD, 1 Mbps
●2006: OICETS(JAXA/NICT), LEO-GEO, LEO-GND, 0.8 μm, IMDD, 50 Mbps；
●2014: SOTA(NICT), LEO-GND, 980/1 550 nm, IMDD, 10 Mbps●2011:海洋2号(哈工大), LEO-GND, 1 550 nm, IMDD, 504 Mbps；
●2016：墨子号(上海光机所)，LEO-GND，1 550 nm, DPSK/PPM, 5.12 G/20 Mbps；
●2016：天宫二号(武汉大学)，LEO-GND，1 550 nm, IMDD, 1.6 Gbps；
●2017：实践十三号(哈工大), GEO-GND，1 550 nm, IMDD, 2.5 Gbps未来计划 ●2019：LCRD(NASA GSFC), GEO-GND, 1 550 nm, DPSK/PPM, 2.8 G/622 Mbps；
●2021：ILLUMA-T(NASA GSFC), LEO-GEO-GND, 1 550 nm, DPSK/PPM, 2.8 G/622 Mbps;
●2023：DSOC(NASA JPL), Mars-GND, 1 060/1 550 nm, PPM, 2k/264 Mbps●2018：EDRS-C(ESA), GEO-LEO, GEO-GND, 1 064 nm, BPSK, 1.8 Gbps；
●2018：OPTEL-μ(RUAG), LEO-GND, 1 550 nm, IMDD, 2 Gbps；
●2020：OPTEL-D(ESA), Deep space-GND, 1 064/1 550 nm, PPM, 192 kMbps●2018: VSOTA(NICT), LEO-GND, 980/1 550 nm, IMDD, 1k/100 kbps；
●2019：JDRS(JAXA/ NICT), GEO-GND, 1 550 nm, DPSK/ IMDD, 1.8 G/50 Mbps；
●2021：HICALI(NICT), GEO-GND，1 550 nm, 10 Gbps
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表 2 AIM光通信系统的主要参数
Table 2. Key design parameters of AIM optical communication system
参数 地面站 AIM 海拔 2 393 m 7 500~1 500万千米 接收孔径 1 016 mm 135 mm 接收波长 1 550 nm 1 064 nm 接收滤波器带宽 5 nm 5 nm 接收端有效焦距 13 300 mm 135 mm 发射波长 1 064 nm 1 550 nm 发射孔径 250 mm 135 mm 发射信号制式 NA 16 PPM 发射速率 None 195 kpbs 发射功率 2.4 kW 3 W
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表 3 JDRS和光学数据中继系统技术规格
Table 3. Specifications of JDRS and optical data relay system
分系统 参数 规格 JDRS 运载火箭 H-IIA 发射年份 2019年 卫星轨道位置 90.75°E 任务期限 10年 数据中继系统 速率 返向1.8 Gbps，前向50 Mbps 误码率* 返向1E-5，前向1E-6 LEO卫星 高度200~1 000 km 光学链路 波长 返向1 540 nm，前向1 560 nm 调制/解调 返向RZ-DPSK-DD，前向IM/DD 捕获时间 ＜60 s 光学天线口径 GEO：15 cm，LEO：10 cm 馈线链路 频率 Ka波段 调制/解调 返向16QAM，前向QPSK 复用方式 频率或偏振(返回连路) *光链路和馈线链路的总误码率.
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