Electro-optic beam deflection technology possesses advantages such as low power consumption, miniaturization, and good controllability. Compared with mechanical beam deflection, acousto-optic beam deflection, and liquid crystal beam deflection technologies, it is more easily able to meet the practical application requirements of rapidity and stability in space laser communication. This paper systematically summarizes the domestic and international research progress of several widely applied novel electro-optic materials (such as lithium niobate, lead lanthanum zirconate titanate, and potassium niobate tantalate) in the field of beam deflection. Based on the intrinsic deflection characteristics of different electro-optic materials, the features of corresponding beam deflection technologies are comprehensively analyzed and compared from the perspectives of application configurations and key performance metrics. Furthermore, the application prospects of these electro-optic material-based beam deflection technologies in space optical communication are discussed, the urgent challenges that need to be addressed currently are highlighted, and the directions for future research endeavors are clarified.

Extending the operational wavelength range of integrated optical devices to cover the entire visible spectrum holds significant importance, as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of miniaturized spectrometers, broaden the bandwidth of visible light communication, and enable biosensors to simultaneously detect multiple biomolecules in complex samples. As the fundamental building block of integrated optical devices, waveguides have not yet been thoroughly investigated for full visible spectrum operation. This work presents a waveguide design supporting the full visible spectrum (435−760 nm). Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the transmission characteristics of various waveguide structures, revealing that single-mode propagation cannot be achieved across the entire visible spectrum. Under multimode propagation conditions, key parameters such as propagation loss and mode distribution were systematically examined to determine the optimal waveguide dimensions, bending radii, and waveguide spacings for low-loss transmission. For slab waveguides, a thickness ≥1 μm ensures polarization insensitivity. For strip waveguides with a thickness of 1 μm, a width ≥2 μm significantly reduces scattering loss induced by sidewall roughness. For strip waveguides with a width of 1 μm and thickness of 2 μm, radiation loss becomes negligible when the bending radius ≥10 μm and waveguide spacing ≥0.4 μm, while maintaining effective isolation from adjacent waveguides. Additionally, the impact of fabrication tolerances on waveguide performance was evaluated. In contrast to previous studies primarily focusing on narrow spectral bands within the visible range, the proposed design enables full visible spectrum transmission in a single waveguide, thereby facilitating bandwidth expansion and performance enhancement for on-chip full visible spectrum devices.

With the rapid development of spectral imaging, on-chip communication, and multifunctional integrated photonics, modern optical systems require multi-band beams to be independently controlled in three dimensions within compact platforms. However, conventional multi-band solutions typically rely on multiple optical components or complex folded beam paths, resulting in bulky structures and inter-band crosstalk that limit device integration and scalability.To address this challenge, we propose a dual-band dual-phase-gradient design strategy for independent wavefront control. This approach enables mutually independent phase-gradient units for different wavelengths to coexist on a single-layer metasurface, achieving spatially independent beam deflection. To validate the strategy, a Si/SiO₂ all-dielectric metasurface is designed for the 800 nm and 1150 nm bands.The meta-units provide full 0−2π phase coverage at their respective bands. By imposing phase gradients and arranging the two types of units in a 90° rotationally interleaved configuration, a composite periodic structure is formed in which dual-band phase profiles coexist without interference. Simulations show that under the condition of normal incidence, the device deflects the transmitted beams in the 800 nm wavelength band by approximately 14° in one lateral direction relative to the incident normal, while deflection that in the 1150 nm wavelength band by about 24° in another lateral direction, achieving clear spatial separation and independent beam manipulation. The device also exhibits polarization-insensitive and stable wavefront control, confirming the reliability of its dual-band orthogonal operation.This design strategy provides a compact, efficient, and generalizable pathway toward highly integrated multi-band on-chip photonic devices, with broad potential applications in spectral imaging, dual-band communication, and integrated photonic systems.

Multilayer coatings are widely applied to high-precision imaging optics to improve throughput. In short-wavelength systems, however, coatings not only alter transmittance/reflectance but also introduce pronounced phase effects and coating-induced lateral shifts, which collectively manifest as additional wavefront aberrations at the system level. This work systematically investigates coating-induced full-field degradation in short-wavelength imaging systems operated at small angles of incidence. A multilayer-coating break-point ray-tracing algorithm is used to incorporate coating-induced phase and lateral-shift effects into the geometrical ray-tracing workflow, enabling a comparative evaluation of coating-induced wavefront aberrations in the visible, infrared, and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) bands. A six-mirror EUV projection system (NA = 0.25) is then analyzed to quantify the wavefront changes introduced by a uniform 40-bilayer Mo/Si multilayer coating. Furthermore, a full-field wavefront analysis method based on Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization (GSO) is developed to characterize the field dependence of Fringe-Zernike aberration coefficients over a curved image field. The results indicate that coating-induced wavefront aberrations are negligible for long-wavelength systems but become significant in the short-wavelength regime. In the EUV example, the coating introduces strong tilt and defocus, increasing the RMS wavefront error from 0.016λ to 0.842λ. Full-field analysis shows a 0.727λ field-dependent tilt component and a 0.034λ field-independent defocus component; the tilt terms primarily correspond to image translation, magnification variation, and low-order distortion. These results demonstrate that multilayer coatings can induce severe image-plane deformation in EUV systems and therefore must be accounted for during the optical design stage.

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) exhibit high sensitivity and strong anti-interference capability, and are often integrated with the traditional pulse position modulation (PPM) technique for long-distance laser communication. However, this integration suffers from low communication rates. To address the rate performance limitations of PPM modulation, a broadband reconfigurable pulse sampling data transmission scheme based on single-photon detectors is proposed. In addition, an adaptive pulse-width algorithm tailored to this modulation method is designed to achieve optimal pulse-width selection for the data acquired by single-photon detectors. At the transmitter, the FPGA GTX high-speed transceiver and real-time serial port transceiving are adopted to optimize the transmitted code pattern; at the receiver, a bit error rate (BER) monitoring and adaptive algorithm module is developed. Link simulations and adaptive simulations are conducted to evaluate the impacts of actual channel scenarios, and a 1550 nm single-photon detection experimental system is built for validation. Experimental results show that this modulation scheme enables single-photon laser communication with a rate range from Kbps to Mbps. Meanwhile, preliminary tests based on avalanche photodiodes (APDs) demonstrate the feasibility of Gbps-level high-speed communication using this scheme. At the Kbps and Mbps rate levels, compared with the default pulse width, the adaptive pulse-width modulation algorithm reduces the communication BER by one and two orders of magnitude, respectively. In comparison with traditional single-photon laser communication systems, this modulation scheme supports wide-rate-range adjustment from Kbps to Gbps and optimal pulse-width selection at Kbps-Mbps rates, thus providing a novel solution for single-photon detection devices based on different technical routes.

Color-coded fringe patterns have emerged as a key technique for enabling real-time three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement in fringe projection profilometry (FPP). However, color crosstalk inherent in color cameras remains a significant factor limiting measurement accuracy. To mitigate this issue, a high-precision calibration method for color crosstalk coefficients is proposed to enable effective correction in this paper. Specifically, a crosstalk coefficient estimator is developed based on orthogonal phase-shifted fringe patterns, and the theoretical relationship between the crosstalk coefficients and phase error is derived. The color orthogonal fringes are then designed to project onto a standard planar target to acquire separated R, G, and B channel patterns. Finally, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced to optimize the crosstalk-induced phase errors and calibrate the crosstalk coefficients with high precision. Experimental validation based on a standard dual-sphere calibration plate shows that the diameter fitting errors of the two spheres are 0.0191 mm and 0.0160 mm, respectively, and the error in the calculated center-to-center distance is as low as 0.0120 mm, which demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively enhance the measurement accuracy and applicability of color cameras in fringe projection technology.

Dispersion scan (D-scan) is an ultrashort laser pulse characterization technique based on dispersion modulation and nonlinear spectral response, and, owing to its extremely simple optical configuration and high sensitivity to broadband spectra and phase evolution, it has developed into an important tool in the field of ultrashort pulse characterization. Focusing on the ability of D-scan to meet the demands of real-time operation and robustness, as well as its extension toward extreme parameters such as single-cycle pulses and the deep-ultraviolet region, this paper systematically reviews the key progress of D-scan technology in terms of retrieval algorithm optimization and experimental scheme expansion. First, the evolution of D-scan retrieval algorithms is summarized. This progression traces the shift from early Nelder–Mead and differential evolution algorithms to the current standard generalized pulse retrieval algorithm, and ultimately to deep-learning-based techniques that enable millisecond-level, real-time reconstruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the improvements in computational speed, algorithmic robustness, and noise immunity achieved across these diverse approaches. Regarding experimental techniques, the paper examines second-harmonic-generation (SHG) D-scans based on second-order nonlinearities. It details the technological transition from conventional scanning methods to real-time, single-shot measurements, and highlights recent progress in applying SHG D-scans to vectorial optical field characterization. Subsequently, to circumvent the physical limitations of second-order nonlinearities—specifically concerning multi-octave spectral overlap and phase matching in the DUV region—this review further explores D-scan techniques leveraging third-order nonlinear effects and their derivatives. It elucidates how these methodologies push the application boundaries of D-scan toward the single-cycle limit and into the DUV regime. Finally, current challenges confronting D-scan technology are outlined, including its reliance on external components and its extension to longer wavelengths and longer pulse durations. The paper concludes with an outlook on the future trajectory of D-scan technology within strong-field physics and attosecond science.

To enable low-cost and efficient characterization of EUV photoresists, a lithographic evaluation system based on a tabletop high-harmonic generation (HHG) source and a reflective interferometer was developed. High-order harmonics were generated in argon using a 515 nm femtosecond laser. After focusing by a toroidal mirror and spectral dispersion by a blazed grating, the 11th harmonic (46.8 nm) was selected through a slit as the EUV source. Nonchemically amplified resists based on oxime sulfonate-functionalized polystyrene (PSOS) were used as the test material, and interference exposure was performed with a Lloyd’s mirror and a symmetric dual-mirror configuration. To solve the alignment problem between the sample plane and the symmetric dual-mirror interferometer, an optical ranging method based on diffraction-fringe inversion was proposed, enabling precise positioning of the symmetric dual-mirror interferometer. The results show that the Lloyd’s mirror produces clear high-contrast line-space patterns with a period of 125 nm and enables characterization of the tested resist at the 100 nm scale. After precise positioning by diffraction-fringe inversion, the symmetric dual-mirror configuration produces line-space patterns with a period of 60 nm, significantly improving the system resolution. This evaluation system provides a low-cost and scalable experimental platform for rapid screening of photoresist materials, investigation of resolution limits, and development of related lithographic processes.

Virtual staining leverages deep learning to transform label-free images into fluorescence-specific images, markedly reducing the complexity and phototoxicity of live-cell imaging and enabling high-resolution, multi-channel, high-throughput, and long-term acquisition, which is of great significance for biomedical research. Existing methods mostly rely on supervised learning with paired data. To reduce the dependence of virtual staining on paired data and further improve the quality of generated images, this paper proposes an unsupervised virtual staining framework, MVS-CycleGAN, which integrates a masked self-supervised mechanism.Without requiring paired images, MVS-CycleGAN introduces a random masked reconstruction task that occludes parts of the input and forces the network to complete the missing regions using semantic context. This design allows the model to capture both global morphology and local texture in the target domain, imposing effective semantic constraints and alleviating the semantic drift commonly observed in cross-domain translation with conventional unsupervised models. Experiments on three cell datasets demonstrate that MVS-CycleGAN consistently outperforms traditional approaches: FSIM reaches 0.784/0.565 on BJ-5ta membrane/nuclei, 0.854/0.830 on HEK293T, and 0.657/0.740 on Neuromast (corresponding improvements of 1.03%, 9.50%, 1.07%, 0.85%, 1.08%, and 5.56%, respectively). In addition, downstream segmentation experiments further confirm the effectiveness of the virtually stained images for quantitative analysis. These results indicate that the proposed method provides a feasible solution for extending virtual staining to diverse biomedical scenarios.

Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are usually covered with paint in practical applications. To achieve the nondestructive removal of the surface paint on CFRP and improve the recycling rate of CFRP, we investigated the cleaning effect and mechanism of infrared high-repetition-rate pulsed lasers on the surface paint of CFRP under different defocus distances. First, when the defocus distance was 40 mm, the surface paint of CFRP was cleaned by adjusting the power and scanning speed, and the cleaning effect was observed to obtain relatively optimized process parameters. On this basis, the paint was treated by varying the defocus distance. Finally, the cleaned samples were characterized and analyzed in terms of surface morphology, elemental composition and contact angle, so as to obtain the cleaning effect, the contact angle variation law and the cleaning process under different defocus distances. The results show that with an increase in the defocus distance, the cleaning process transforms from vaporization to a heat accumulation effect, and proper heat accumulation contributes to the complete removal of paint and resin. When the power, scanning speed and defocus distance are 25 W, 720 mm/s and 40 mm respectively, the paint can be completely removed without damaging the carbon fibers, while effectively improving the surface wettability of the substrate.

This paper presents a continuous fine-tunable terahertz radiation source based on L-band laser difference frequency, with a frequency tuning range of 0.1 to 2.7 THz and a tuning accuracy of 1 GHz. A fully polarization-maintaining fiber link, including polarization-maintaining isolators, polarization-maintaining couplers, and polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, was designed to keep the polarization states of the two beams consistent. By using the difference frequency of L-band dual lasers to excite the InGaAs high-performance photoconductive antenna, continuous terahertz radiation ranging from 0.1 to 2.7 THz was generated within the wavelength range of 1568.8 to 1589.6 nm. The power and frequency of the terahertz waves were respectively tested using a Golay cell detector and a terahertz scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. The results show that the power instability of the terahertz wave within 25 minutes is within 4%, and the frequency measurement results at 0.5 THz and 1 THz are highly consistent with the frequency interval of the L-band dual lasers. Additionally, within the range of 0.9 to 1 THz, a high-precision tuning of 1 GHz was achieved, corresponding to a wavelength interval of 0.008 nm. This continuously fine-tunable terahertz radiation source has high application potential in high-precision spectral detection and other fields.

We propose a generalized adjoint-optimization method enabled by a phase-convergence mechanism. Central to this method is a gradient-to-structure mapping model that translates complex-valued adjoint gradients into physically realizable structural updates, establishing a stable iterative relation between structural perturbations and the resulting phase response. This mechanism ensures monotonic phase convergence at the device plane, enabling meta-element-level control of arbitrary phase profiles. Within this formulation, the adjoint simulation employs a single electric dipole excitation, independent of the desired metasurface function. Functional diversity is achieved solely by adjusting the update mapping rather than redefining the adjoint source or modifying the simulation model. This establishes a unified and computationally efficient inverse-design framework capable of handling multiple types of wavefront-shaping functionalities. As proof of concept, numerical validations are performed on diverse metadevices. Specifically, a 2D nanopillar metalens and a linear phase gradient metagrating achieved efficiencies of 83.9% and 72.4% (at 30° deflection), respectively. For arbitrary wavefront shaping, a bifocal lens showed a focusing efficiency of 67.2% and a holographic metasurface generated a hollow triangle pattern with 60.3% energy efficiency. Our results confirm that the proposed method features simplified source construction, high computational efficiency, and strong adaptability, providing a unified and viable framework for the engineering of metasurfaces in imaging, wavefront engineering, and ultraviolet detection.

The transmission characteristics of rotationally symmetric power-exponent-phase vortex beams (RSPEPVBs) in biological tissues are explored in this study. Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle, a general expression describing the transmission of RSPEPVBs through biological tissues is established. Numerical simulations are performed to explore the influence of the propagation distance z, power exponent n, wavelength λ, and beam waist width w on light intensity, beam width, and beam divergence. The findings reveal that increasing the propagation distance and wavelength results in greater beam diffusion and an enlarged beam width. Conversely, a higher power exponent concentrates the light intensity toward the center and mitigates the broadening of the beam width. Additionally, a longer wavelength and smaller beam waist width lead to a larger beam divergence angle. The evolution of coherence vortices and intensity peak positions with increasing propagation distance is also analyzed, revealing a gradual outward displacement from the beam center, accompanied by angular deviations and positional shifts. Notably, when the topological charge l ≥ 4, the position of the peak point undergo an abrupt shift during the transmission process. As a high-order mode beam, the transmission of RSPEPVBs in biological tissues exhibits diversity and controllability, opening up new possibilities for micro-manipulation technologies in the biomedical field.

High-precision detection of topological charge is significant for the practical applications of vortex beams. In view of the existing evaluation with low resolution of topological charge and more complexity to judge simultaneously integer and fraction, this paper theoretically proposes and numerically verifies the double judgment method for topological charge based on the designed metasurface. The inner and outer diffraction patterns of metasurface can judge the value and sign of topological charge. The detection precision of the proposed method reaches 0.05. The theoretic and simulated results give the solid verification for the effectiveness of the proposed method. This method has outstanding advantages including planar structure design without additional elements, direct judgment without data processing and high precision over the existing methods, which is beneficial to the detection of topological charge and the applications of optical vortices.

In response to the current demand for high-precision planar displacement measurements in advanced manufacturing equipment, this paper proposes an xz dual-axis grating interferometer. The system adopts a biaxial Littrow incident light path structure, established using a biaxial beam splitter mirror and right-angled prism mirror. The relationship between the parallelism of the outgoing beam, the beam spacing, and the position and angle of the incident light is analyzed. Experimental results verify the feasibility and measurement performance of the proposed interferometer. The grating interferometer achieves a displacement resolution of 4 nm along the x-axis and 7 nm along the z-axis. After correction using the Heydemann algorithm, the periodic nonlinear error is reduced to ±5 nm. Over a travel range of 10 mm, the measurement accuracies are ±30 nm along the x-axis and ±100 nm along the z-axis, respectively. Finally, the influence of the surface error introduced by the non-coincident incident structure on the measurement results is discussed.

Optical image processing has the advantages of fast and parallel operation. One single-layered metasurface is designed to implement the optical imaging and edge detection of image. The dual-functional image processing is conducted without the aid of 4f system and it is switched only by the handedness of incident circularly polarized light. The designed metasurface consists of silicon nanopillars and the optimized nanopillars are equivalent to half-wave plates with the transmittance of 87%. The simulation and experimental results verify the performance of metasurface. The integrated optical metasurface enables the extremely simple image processing system and it paves the way for the applications of metasurfaces in parallel image processing and optical integrating.

We presents a novel prism-coupled packaging strategy for WGM Resonators. Utilizing an all-solid-state optical adhesive process combined with active temperature control and hermetic sealing, the proposed package exhibits exceptional long-term stability and environmental robustness. The standalone WGMR module was fully characterized, demonstrating a temperature sensitivity below 10⁻⁷/°C and a low-frequency Z-axis acceleration sensitivity below 10⁻¹⁰/g. Furthermore, the application of this module was explored as a stable optical frequency reference and a nonlinear photonic platform, achieving a short-term frequency stability of 2×10⁻¹³ at 2 ms and generating Kerr soliton microcombs with a pump power of 100 mW. This compact, robust, and stable packaging solution significantly enhances the immediate applicability of WGMRs in real-world applications such as narrow-linewidth lasers and portable microcombs, thereby facilitating the transition of WGMR technology from laboratory research to practical deployment.

Our work presents a spacetime crystal metasurface antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). It addresses the limitations of traditional magnetic non-reciprocal devices, such as large volume, high cost, and significant losses. The proposed antenna enables compact, efficient, magnetless non-reciprocal radiation and beam manipulation. An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)-controlled PIN diode array is employed to implement equivalent dynamic traveling-wave modulation on the SIW surface. A dispersion model, combining Floquet-Bloch theory and the transfer matrix method, elucidates the dynamic dispersion characteristics and the harmonic mode selection mechanism in the time-varying system. Experimental results demonstrate that, under waveguide port excitation, the system generates multi-beam radiation governed by frequency-momentum mapping. In contrast, under free-space incidence conditions, a deterministic non-reciprocal spectral transition is observed, where the signals undergo frequency up-conversion according to a harmonic order-doubling rule. The device achieves a maximum non-reciprocal isolation of 17.9 dB, confirming the breaking of time-reversal symmetry in both the first- and higher-order harmonic channels. This work validates the effectiveness of SIW-based spacetime coding technology for constructing magnetless non-reciprocal devices, providing a promising technological approach for frequency conversion, unidirectional transmission, and pseudo-Doppler effects in next-generation intelligent wireless communication systems.

To achieve the generation of ultrashort isolated attosecond pulses using few-cycle pulses, it is necessary to study the precise control of the electric field of few-cycle light through double optical gating technology. In conventional experiments, double optical gating typically regulates multi-cycle pulses, and the analysis does not consider higher-order dispersion during laser propagation in media, second-harmonic conversion efficiency, or the exact waveform of the second-harmonic electric field. However, such approximations are no longer valid for few-cycle pulses. This paper accurately simulates the propagation and second-harmonic generation process of few-cycle pulses in nonlinear crystals based on a coupled-wave equation model, revealing the key influence of dispersion effects and other factors on the gating waveform. The research shows that when the driving light field is a few-cycle laser pulse, the traditional electric field estimation method for double optical gating is no longer applicable. Few-cycle pulse lasers have an ultra-broad spectrum, and effects such as group velocity mismatch, phase mismatch, and dispersion caused by differences in phase accumulation among different wavelength components become significantly more pronounced compared to long pulses. For a few cycle pulse, the optimal gating light field can be achieved by adjusting the thickness of the beta-barium borate (BBO) crystal in the double optical gating setup to 126.4 μm. This paper proposes that coordinated adjustment of the waveplate and BBO crystal thickness can finely tune the relative delay between the driving field and the second-harmonic field, thereby optimizing the gating electric field and the driving electric field, providing effective parameter optimization guidance for the generation of ultrashort isolated attosecond pulses.

This research reported a novel integrated strategy based on microfluidic technology for the synthesis and surface ligand modification of CdSe quantum dots (QDs). The strategy aims to achieve precise and efficient regulation of the luminescence properties of QDs to meet the specific requirements for their optical characteristics in fields such as display, imaging, and optical sensing. Firstly, a microfluidic platform suitable for QDs synthesis was developed, enabling high-throughput and precise control of multiple reaction conditions for efficient synthesis. We systematically investigated the influence of reaction temperature, time, and precursor ligand ratios on the growth process and luminescence properties of CdSe QDs. Benefiting from the efficient mass and heat transfer of the microfluidic platform, the reaction time was significantly reduced from the 1 hours required by traditional ligand modification methods to just 5 minutes in our design. To address the issue of spectral shifts in luminescence properties (such as emission color and full width at half maximum, FWHM) during functional ligand modification, this research introduced oleic acid (OA) as a surface modification ligand in the microfluidic system. Through efficient and stable anchoring of OA ligands, the luminescence efficiency of the quantum dots was enhanced by threefold, while successfully suppressing regrowth and agglomeration behaviors, thereby maintaining the stability of the emission wavelength and FWHM. The innovative use of microfluidic technology in this research not only provides a reproducible and scalable platform technology for precise regulation of QD size and luminescence color but also achieves synergistic optimization of QD luminescence efficiency and stability. Our strategy paves a technical avenue for the practical application of QDs materials in fields such as luminescent displays and quantum light sources.

With the advancement of photoelectric technology, optical films are extensively employed in military, medical, and communication fields. Film thickness is a critical parameter that determines optical performance, and the accuracy of its monitoring system directly affects spectral characteristics. To mitigate the significant thickness control errors in conventional direct monitoring systems—caused by light source divergence and weak detector response signals—this paper proposes an externalized optical configuration. In this design, both the optical transmitter and receiver are placed outside the vacuum chamber, thereby avoiding interference from chamber vibration, temperature variations, and assembly inconsistencies. Additionally, an optical signal modulation scheme based on fiber coupling and collimation-focusing is introduced. By adopting an external integrated light source combined with multimode optical fibers and a composite optical path, and by optimizing component parameters through optical simulation to improve spot quality and energy density, the stability of both optical and electrical signals is enhanced. After optimization, irradiance at the fiber receiving end increased by 222.7%, signal strength by 156.6%, and the signal-to-noise ratio by 70.38%. The system’s performance was validated by preparing a narrowband filter film with a center wavelength of 2400 nm and a bandwidth of 40 nm, achieving a wavelength deviation within 1 nm over three repeated tests while consistently maintaining the 40 nm bandwidth. These results confirm that the system enables high-precision and stable film thickness monitoring even in spectral bands with weak detector response.

To mitigate shot noise and background interference in single-photon depth imaging, alongside single-axis image deviation induced by UAV attitude fluctuations during flight, this paper proposes a robust depth reconstruction method. Building upon the SPIRAL-TAP framework, the proposed approach integrates multi-scale image features with an adaptive thresholding strategy. Firstly, an image weighting matrix is constructed via multi-scale gradients and local variance to effectively characterize texture complexity. Subsequently, a dynamic threshold adjustment mechanism, guided by Rough Order Map (ROM) estimation, is implemented to enhance noise robustness. In the screening phase, an adaptive strategy merges scale-space smoothing with weighting matrix soft-tuning to stabilize the filtering process. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the conventional SPIRAL-TAP algorithm under varying signal-to-background ratios (SBR) and photon intensities. Specifically, at tilt angles of 10° and 15°, the RMSE is reduced from 0.32 to 0.14 and from 0.43 to 0.21, respectively. This method provides an effective solution for UAV-borne single-photon depth reconstruction and exhibits significant potential for high-speed airborne imaging systems.

This study investigates the performance degradation and underlying damage mechanisms of silicon PIN photodiodes under xenon lamp irradiation. To this end, detectivity is defined and operationalized. A 50 kW xenon lamp irradiation test platform was established, where the S5106-type silicon PIN photodiodes were selected as the representative test device. Real-time monitoring of output photocurrent and surface temperature enabled systematic analysis of the factors governing detectivity degradation, as well as characterization of the damage threshold. A damage threshold model for silicon PIN photodiodes was developed based on the one-dimensional heat diffusion equation. Model accuracy was verified by comparing with the experimental measured threshold data. Silicon PIN photodiode damage was categorized into two regimes—soft damage and hard damage—based on the recoverability of detectivity. Under soft damage conditions, the detectivity of the device exhibited a nonlinear negative correlation with both irradiation time and surface temperature. The hard damage irradiance thresholds followed an inverse-square-root dependence on irradiation time, a trend fully consistent with the damage threshold model. Hard damage was observed at a minimum irradiance of approximately 6.6 W/cm², corresponding to an irradiation time of about 382 s. Under this threshold condition, the surface temperature ranged within (385.77±4.16)°C. Theoretical analysis indicated that soft damage primarily arose from thermally induced degradation of carrier mobility and increased leakage current. Conversely, hard damage resulted from melting and cracking of the silicone rubber optical window, as well as thermally induced functional failure of the PN junction. The findings provide a quantitative basis for performance evaluation and protection design of silicon PIN photodiodes employed in broad-spectrum high-intensity optical detection scenarios.

The structure of multilayer dielectric film will modulate the optical field, thus in the study of laser-induced damage characteristics, it is necessary to consider the energy distribution within the film system and the resulting changes in material optical properties. Taking the HfO₂/SiO₂ multilayer dielectric film structure as an example, and based on the laser-induced ionization/electron multiplication process, the Drude model is introduced into the optical field calculation, extending the film layer refractive index from a static constant to a dynamic complex refractive index driven by the free electron density. Based on this, a thermal conduction (and thermal stress) model is coupled to calculate the evolution of thermal effects inside the thin film under nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation, and the corresponding damage threshold is determined to be 13.65 J/cm², and the damage characteristics of the film are studied experimentally. The verification experiment observed that the damage appearance of the HfO₂/SiO₂ multilayer dielectric film is a round hole type, which is a typical thermal melting damage, and is consistent with the conclusion of the theoretical model. The measured damage threshold is 13.75 J/cm², which is only higher than the theoretical analysis result. The improved model established is helpful to further analyse the interaction between strong laser and multilayer dielectric film from the theoretical level, and to better study the damage resistance of optical thin film.

Frequency-sweep Amplitude-modulation Laser Ranging (FSAMLR) is a ranging method that determines the target distance by solving for the in-phase frequency, characterized by high measurement accuracy and low system complexity. To address issues such as the low signal-to-noise ratio in sampled waveforms containing in-phase frequencies and the resulting limitations in solving accuracy, a method based on Singular Spectrum Analysis combined with Local Parabolic Fitting (SSA-LPF) is proposed. The principle of FSAMLR is outlined, emphasizing that ranging accuracy depends on the precision of the in-phase frequencies. Subsequently, simulations compare the solving accuracy of in-phase frequencies among the swing method, parabolic fitting, cubic fitting, and quartic fitting, using identical sampled waveforms filtered via the SSA method. Parabolic fitting is verified to enhance solution accuracy. Simulation results demonstrate that parabolic fitting achieves a 95.7% reduction in mean absolute deviation relative to the swing method and a 65.6% improvement over other least-squares fitting methods. Experimental analysis indicates that the SSA-LPF method yields a ranging standard deviation below 30 μm across varying distances and sweep steps. Adopting the SSA-LPF method in FSAMLR enhances ranging efficiency while maintaining high ranging accuracy.

To address the challenge of temperature rise control during the coating process for thermally sensitive substrates (e.g., epoxy adhesive-bonded structural components), this paper proposes a low-temperature electron beam evaporation coating process. Through a dynamic thermal management strategy featuring segmented deposition-cooling cycles, the performance of this process in terms of the core properties (i.e., stress, adhesion, and optical performance) of metallic reflective films, with silver films as the research subject, was systematically investigated, and the deposition process was optimized by integrating the thermal failure threshold of the epoxy adhesive. Experimental results demonstrate that under strictly controlled substrate temperature conditions, this process not only significantly reduces the residual stress of the reflective film, but also ensures that the interfacial adhesion meets the strictest Class 03 severity level specified in the national standard (GB/T 26332.4-2015/ISO 9211-4:2012), the average reflectivity in the visible wavelength range is comparable to that of the traditional continuous coating process (>99%@450−900 nm), and the substrate temperature rise remains consistently below the critical threshold of the epoxy adhesive. Through the synergistic effect of Ion-Assisted Deposition (IAD) and dielectric encapsulation, the oxidation resistance and environmental durability of the silver film are significantly improved, satisfying the long-term service requirements of aerospace optical devices under extreme multi-physics field coupled environments. Further theoretical analysis reveals that the thermal relaxation mechanisms and structural regulation principles of this process exhibit cross-scenario applicability, providing an innovative solution for high-performance coating of low-temperature-sensitive substrates that balances aerospace reliability and industrial universality.

To achieve simultaneous lightweight design and high-energy output under special environmental conditions, a compact, water-cooling-free high-energy pulsed laser system based on high-temperature laser diode array (LDAs) side-pumped zigzag Nd:YAG crystals is demonstrated for operation in demanding environments. The zigzag beam propagation increases the effective gain length, while symmetric LDAs pumping of two Nd:YAG crystals improves gain uniformity. Thermal isolation between the crystals and LDAs is implemented, with independent temperature control achieved using thermoelectric coolers (TEC) for the Nd:YAG crystals and forced air cooling for the LDAs. A potassium dideuterium phosphate (DKDP) crystal is employed for electro-optic Q-switching. At a repetition rate of 100 Hz without water cooling, a maximum pulse energy of 129.2 mJ with a pulse duration of 9.0 ns is obtained, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 9.6% and a slope efficiency of 13.1%, with energy stability better than 2.26%. An output energy of 87.6 mJ is achieved at 150 Hz. This system provides a compact and environmentally robust light source for laser ranging and illumination applications.

To enhance the imaging performance of arthroscopes in clinical surgery and broaden their potential for clinical applications, a wide-spectrum arthroscopic optical system featuring a large field of view, high resolution, and parfocal imaging capability in both visible and near-infrared bands was designed. The objective lens uses a high optical power negative lens to compress the chief-ray angle and reduce the optical path difference between off-axis and on-axis rays. Through conjugate aperture imaging, an equivalent virtual stop is formed inside the turning prism, which allows the system to maintain both high transmission efficiency and high image quality under a limited aperture. The relay lens adopts a near-symmetric structure, and by distributing optical power and Abbe numbers appropriately, it effectively suppresses the accumulation of axial chromatic aberration across the broad spectral range, thereby achieving parfocal imaging. Tolerance analysis shows that the system has good manufacturability and assembly feasibility. Experimental results verify that the designed wide-spectrum arthroscope achieves parfocal imaging in the visible and near-infrared bands with a 95° field of view, and angular resolutions of 4.34 C/(°) and 2.74 C/(°), respectively. The optical system provides a feasible solution for achieving low-cost, high-performance fluorescence arthroscopy and has significant application value.

Single-frame image deblurring remains an inherently ill-posed problem. Furthermore, existing diffusion models suffer from high inference latency, while state space models lack sufficient cross-modal interaction capabilities. To overcome these limitations, we propose an end-to-end Event-fusion Multi-head Attention Network (EFMAN) that exploits high-frequency spatiotemporal priors from event cameras for high-quality image restoration. Specifically, a cross-modal adaptive attention mechanism is designed to precisely align asynchronous high-frequency event streams with synchronous RGB features in both spatial and temporal dimensions, thereby compensating for exposure deficiencies. To mitigate the impact of inherent sensor noise, a Feature Enhancement Attention (FEA) module bolsters feature robustness against noise via global context modeling. Additionally, a Lightweight Channel-Spatial Attention (LCSA) module is integrated to adaptively recalibrate feature responses while substantially alleviating computational redundancy. These components are optimized by a multidimensional joint loss function—encompassing pixel, feature, and gradient domains—to synergistically enforce multi-scale constraints, ensuring consistency between micro-textures and global topologies. Extensive experiments demonstrate that EFMAN significantly enhances deblurring performance while maintaining efficient inference. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our approach achieves maximum PSNR and SSIM improvements of 1.19 dB and 0.005 on the GoPro dataset, and 0.38 dB and 0.003 on the REBlur dataset, respectively. By effectively addressing the challenges of multi-modal alignment and noise interference, EFMAN strikes an optimal balance between restoration quality and computational efficiency, making it highly suitable for clear image reconstruction in high-dynamic-range and rapid-motion scenarios.

The microwave photonic filter based on weighted delay structure simultaneously leverages the advantages of photonic and radio-frequency components, featuring reconfigurability, low cost, and wide bandwidth, providing flexible and efficient signal processing capabilities in the microwave band. However, due to the complexity of the weighted delay structure, discrete optoelectronic components in the system can interfere with the weighted taps at different wavelengths—such as the envelope and gain competition of optical frequency combs, the gain non-uniformity and nonlinearity of EDFA, and the limited filtering bandwidth of modulators. These factors cause deviations in the weighted taps from their designed values, leading to distortion in the microwave filter. This paper proposes an end-to-end optimization approach by treating the microwave photonic filter as a black-box system. By monitoring the spectral shape (i.e., the weight values of each tap) of the final output in real time, the difference between the wavelength taps and the ideal taps is calculated and feedbacked to adjust the filtering coefficients of the waveshaper in real time, ensuring the output spectral weights remain in the designed state. Through this end-to-end optimization approach, we achieved a spectral reconstruction accuracy of 0.05dB and completed an RF low-pass filter with an out-of-band rejection ratio of up to 47dB.

Addressing the requirement for infrared detection of ship wakes under complex sea conditions, a method for analyzing the dynamic infrared polarization characteristics of ship wakes based on the microfacet model is proposed. An analytical model for the infrared polarization effects of wakes against a complex sea surface background is constructed. Based on the P-M sea spectrum model and the Kelvin wake model, the microfacet bidirectional reflectance distribution function is introduced to analyze the infrared polarization characteristics of ship wakes under dynamic sea surface backgrounds. The influence of parameters such as ship speed, draught, wind speed, and wind direction on the wake's infrared polarization characteristics, including the degree of polarization (DOP), angle of polarization (AOP), and contrast, is investigated. Notably, the average contrast of the wake's infrared DOP image is improved by 159% compared to traditional intensity images, and the AOP image shows an improvement of 258%. The analytical model for wake infrared polarization effects is validated by comparing mathematical simulations with computational fluid dynamics simulations, achieving a similarity of over 95.7%. A comparison between actual captured wake images and simulation results shows high similarity, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed model for simulating and analyzing the infrared polarization characteristics of ship wakes against a sea background. This study provides an important theoretical foundation for high-precision, anti-interference detection and identification of ships under complex sea conditions.

The quality of underwater imaging significantly deteriorates due to underwater light field which caused by multiple scattering of water. In order to quantitatively analyze the quality degradation of underwater image, it is necessary to study the distribution of underwater light field and establish a strict underwater image transmission model. Assuming that water VSF is spherical symmetry, underwater light field distribution formed by an ideal point light source is calculated, and then water PSF is obtained by brightness integral along the path. Finally, water MTF in the spherical space is derived by means of mathematical tools such as spherical harmonic function and spherical convolution. Under the condition that the intrinsic optical parameters of water are known, curves of water MTF and contrast limit factor are presented. The algorithm model solves the derivation of water MTF under the condition of spherical water VSF, and this lays a foundation for the derivation of water MTF under the condition of non spherical water VSF and dynamic light field.

High-power, high-beam-quality short-pulse/ultrashort-pulse green lasers have wide applications in industry, medicine, and scientific research. To clarify the research progress of green light sources based on second-harmonic generation (SHG, frequency doubling), this paper systematically reviews the latest advancements in SHG green light sources at kilohertz repetition rates, categorized by pulse width and doubling scheme into four types: nanosecond intracavity doubling, nanosecond extracavity doubling, picosecond extracavity doubling, and femtosecond extracavity doubling. For nanosecond intracavity doubling, crystals such as KTP and LBO are used, with power increased to 51.1 W (energy 50 mJ, repetition rate 1 kHz) and efficiency of 50%. Nanosecond extracavity doubling primarily employs LBO, where tandem frequency-doubling crystals can elevate the doubling power to 1.04 kW (energy 1.04 J, efficiency 89%). Picosecond extracavity doubling achieves the highest average power of 1460 W (energy 259 mJ, efficiency 71%). Femtosecond doubling, by employing thin crystals, boosts power to 29 W (energy 440 μJ, efficiency >52%). The advancements in SHG-based green light sources and related application technologies will continually expand their boundaries in scientific research, industry, medicine, and other fields.

This paper presents comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigations on the transmission spectral characteristics of an integrated photonic structure consisting of a microring resonator coupled with a Fabry–Perot (FP) cavity. The FP cavity is realized by introducing a grating reflector into the straight waveguide of a single-side-coupled microring. Within this dual-resonator configuration, novel multi-cavity coupled transmission spectra are achieved. A systematic theoretical model is established to analyze the conditions under which these multi-cavity coupled spectral profiles appear, and the structural parameters are subsequently optimized. A grating-type Fabry–Perot–microring coupled resonator device was successfully fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. For the first time, multi-cavity coupled transmission spectra consistent with theoretical predictions were experimentally observed, including nested electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like and double Fano resonance line shapes. Experimental measurements indicate that, under a waveguide loss of 3.43 dB/cm, the EIT central peak exhibits a quality factor of 1.40×10⁴, while the slope of the double Fano resonance reaches 37.70 dB/nm. These results provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of integrated photonic coupled resonator systems and demonstrate a viable approach toward highly integrated, high-performance photonic device platforms. The proposed structure shows strong potential for applications in high-sensitivity optical sensing, narrowband filtering, and high-speed modulation.

To An all-silica fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (F-P) high-temperature vibration sensor is proposed to address sensor failure and signal distortion in extreme environments. A collimated coupling structure based on a silica ball lens enables integrated, non-contact signal transmission between the fiber and the sensitive structure. The sensitive units are batch-fabricated using MEMS and thermal pressure bonding technologies. By combining three-wavelength dynamic demodulation with spectral cross-correlation, precise vibration signal extraction and temperature compensation are achieved, effectively eliminating thermal cross-sensitivity. Experimental results indicate that as the temperature increases from room temperature (23 °C) to 800 °C, the sensitivity of the sensor decreases from 1.051 nm/g to 0.8915 nm/g. After temperature compensation, the maximum residual sum of squares (RSS) of the sensor is 0.168, and the full-scale nonlinearity error does not exceed 1.033%. In dynamic response tests, the characteristic frequency of the sensor is considerably higher than 6000 Hz. The sensor exhibits high flatness within the frequency response range of 100−2000 Hz, and its sensitivity gradually increases between 2000 Hz and 6000 Hz, with a maximum increment of only 0.177 nm/g. Featuring high consistency, adhesive-free integration, and electromagnetic immunity, this sensor provides a robust solution for vibration measurement in high-temperature environments.

To address the issues of structural complexity and high cost in high-performance optical systems, this study proposes an optical system simplification and aberration correction method oriented towards computational correction. On the optical design side, a simplification design criterion based on aberration correctability analysis is constructed: priority is given to suppressing aberrations that are difficult for neural networks to compensate, while retaining portions amenable to computational correction, thereby simplifying the optical system structure while ensuring imaging quality. On the computational processing side, a multi-module progressive collaborative correction network is designed, comprising four modules: distortion correction, chromatic aberration compensation, monochromatic aberration correction based on physically-constrained Point Spread Function, and frequency-domain enhancement. This network is driven by a Temporal Stage Controller (TSC), which utilizes its dynamic weight scheduling mechanism for progressive stage-wise processing, effectively suppressing the mutual interference between different aberration types. Experimental results demonstrate that images from a simplified dual-lens system corrected by this network achieve a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 31.47 dB and Structural Similarity (SSIM) of 0.95, with imaging quality comparable to conventional six-lens double-Gauss systems, while significantly reducing optical system complexity. Ablation studies validate the effectiveness of the TSC and multi-module correction architecture. This research provides a novel technical pathway for achieving high-quality imaging with simplified optical systems.

To address the challenge of achieving high-precision registration between visible light (RGB) and photoluminescence (PL) images in Micro LED defect inspection, which arises from substantial modality differences, this study introduces a robust multimodal image registration approach capable of attaining sub-pixel accuracy, aiming to establish a direct mapping between the physical structure and electrical characteristics of the chips. We propose a registration method that integrates structural feature constraints with bidirectional residual optimization. First, leveraging the geometric regularity of Micro LED arrays, a tailored feature detection strategy is employed: electrode centers in RGB images are accurately extracted via ellipse fitting and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), while chip centers in PL images are localized using an enhanced watershed algorithm with sub-pixel refinement. Second, during the registration optimization stage, a bidirectional residual constraint framework is constructed, incorporating a confidence weighting mechanism derived from residual distribution analysis. The optimal affine transformation parameters are then estimated using an iterative reweighted least squares method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves sub-pixel-level accuracy, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.823 pixels, representing a 94.2% reduction compared to baseline methods. The root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.996 pixels, the maximum error remains below 2.839 pixels, and the inlier rate attains 75.0%. Each registration process takes only 0.036 seconds on average, achieving an order-of-magnitude improvement in computational efficiency over traditional mutual information (MI) methods. By effectively mitigating feature mismatch and outlier interference in multimodal images, the proposed method outperforms conventional approaches in terms of registration accuracy, robustness, and efficiency, thereby providing a reliable technical foundation for precise defect detection and multimodal analysis of Micro LED chips.

The mirror is one of the great significance components of the space camera, and the aluminum alloy mirror is becoming one of the development directions of space camera mirrors with its excellent processability. Objective: To reduce the difficulty of installing and adjusting space cameras, an monolithic aluminum alloy mirror structure design was carried out. Method: First, based on the concept of integrating multiple functions such as mirror surface, flexible support, installation reference and so on, the structure design of an monolithic mirror was carried out. Besides, while designing the structure, co-reference process design was conducted simultaneously. This design was informed by establishing an error transmission model and a corresponding precision allocation scheme. Finally, simulation analysis and processing were carried out on the designed mirror. Result: The results show that the surface accuracy variation of the monolithic mirror was less than RMS 0.01λ@632.8 nm under typical working conditions, and the precision of the processed mirror could reached up to RMS 0.016λ@ 632.8 nm, and the deviation between the mechanical and optical references was better than 2". Conclusion: The monolithic aluminum alloy mirrors designed in this study can satisfy the space mirror requirements of stability, high precision and excellent consistency.

During downward laser transmission across the air–sea domain, beam propagation is influenced by a range of complex, multi-source and multi-scale perturbations, including atmospheric turbulence, fluctuations at the air–sea interface, and oceanic turbulence. This study investigates the evolution of beam spatial coherence and introduces an analytical approach based on a composite perturbation model. The composite model integrates Kolmogorov turbulence theory, the Pierson–Moskowitz (P–M) sea-surface wave spectrum, and the slant-path oceanic refractive-index power spectrum. By employing the Rytov approximation, analytical expressions for the mutual coherence function and wave structure function are derived, with particular focus on the wave structure function of a Gaussian beam propagating through slant-path oceanic turbulence. Each component of the model has been individually validated. Experimental results demonstrate that variations in turbulence intensity, propagation distance, and environmental parameters significantly affect beam spatial coherence, thereby exerting a substantial impact on the performance of cross-domain optical communication systems. Compared to single-turbulence approximation models, the proposed composite perturbation model effectively reduces the spatial coherence bias by approximately 20%-30%, revealing the influence mechanisms of multi-source perturbations on coherence evolution. This model provides an effective theoretical foundation for the performance evaluation and optimization of air–sea optical communication links and enhances the stability and reliability of optical communication systems under realistic conditions.

Addressing the critical challenge of thermal radiation noise suppression in infrared systems for long-range dim target detection, we present a composite detection system with an optimized cooling-based thermal radiation suppression scheme. A common-aperture optical configuration capable of simultaneous long-wave infrared and laser dual-band detection is achieved through a Ritchey-Chrétien (R-C) optical structure and a dichroic-secondary mirror with a hollow design. To mitigate thermal radiation noise, the thermal emission characteristics within the temperature range of 230 K to 320 K were analyzed using Planck’s law and non-sequential ray tracing. An improved detection range model incorporating noise terms was developed. The cooling strategy was optimized via dynamic programming, leading to an optimal solution where the main mirror and folding mirror baffles are cooled to 220 K. Experimental results demonstrate that the detection range at 300 K ambient temperature increases from 300 km to 430 km, and remains above 400 km across the entire 230−320 K range. The proposed dual-band composite detection scheme and zoned cooling methodology provide a valuable reference for the design of cold optical systems and long-range weak target detection.

In order to achieve comprehensive, highly efficient, and multi-objective precise optimization of fiber structural parameters and further enhance the transmission capacity of optical communication systems, a homogeneous weakly coupled seven-core fiber based on trench-assisted structures is designed. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is introduced to replace traditional empirical designs or local scanning methods. First, a multi-objective fitness function incorporating constraints such as dispersion, cutoff wavelength, effective mode field area, and coating loss is established. Then, the algorithm performs a global search to precisely determine the optimal structural parameters under standard dimensional constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that with a fiber core pitch of 45 μm, the optimized fiber achieves an ultra-low inter-core crosstalk of below −90 dB/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This design scheme not only effectively resolves the conflict between crosstalk suppression and spatial utilization in multi-core fibers but also proves the efficiency and reliability of the PSO algorithm in complex fiber structural design, providing an important theoretical basis and technical support for the research and manufacturing of ultra-large-capacity optical communication systems.

Objective: To retrieve the pulse information from the dispersion scanning (d-scan) trace, a differential evolution (DE) algorithm is used. Methods: A partially coherent pulse train is generated and then test by traditional DE algorithm and its improved version. Results: The errors retrieved using the traditional and improved DE algorithms are 7% and 1%, respectively. Conclusion: The improved algorithm can more accurately retrieve the d-scan trace of partially coherent pulse train.

Due to the nonlinear effects produced by the actual defocusing projection system, which affect the accuracy of phase measurement, the phase error of binary fringe defocusing projection was studied. Based on the analysis of the current study status in the field, an expression for the intensity distribution of deformed fringe pattern signal in nonlinear systems is given, and the reasons for both high-order spectra components occurrence and their mixing with the fundamental frequency components, resulting in spectra overlapping, are analyzed. The method of defocusing the projector was employed to remove the higher-order harmonic components in the spectra domain and filter out one of the fundamental frequency components. An inverse Fourier transform was then performed on the spectra to obtain the expression of fringe intensity in the spatial domain. The continuous phase containing continuous signals was obtained using the phase-shift algorithm and phase unwrapping, and the expression for phase error after unwrapping in actual measurement systems was derived. The correct analysis of the basic principles has been verified through simulation and experiments. The simulation results indicate that the errors value obtained by the method mentioned in this paper are 34.51% for the binary fringe defocusing method, 44.83% for method of reference [1], and 67.83% for method of reference [10], respectively. The experiment results indicate that the phase recovered by using our method has good effects, and the corresponding phase error is relatively small.

Chiral metasurfaces play critical role in physics, materials science, pharmacognosy, and communications. To achieve high-performance chiral responses, such as high circular dichroism (CD) and high-quality factors (Q-factors), BIC-based metasurfaces have been extensively studied as a promising platform. However, most realized BIC metasurfaces rely on metallic constituents whose high electromagnetic losses and absence of dynamic chirality tuning together impose a severe limit on their practical potential. This paper presents an all-dielectric chiral BIC metasurface. By illumination symmetry breaking, the metasurface exhibits a CD value of 0.93. Additionally, dynamic tuning of CD is enabled by external optical pumping. This scheme provides a new avenue for dynamically manipulating the chiral metasurface, which can be used to achieve more complex dynamic chiral characterization and applications.

Diffractive waveguides have emerged as a particularly promising solution for augmented reality (AR) near-eye display technologies. These waveguides are characterized by their light weight, wide field of view, and large eyebox. However, most commercially available AR waveguide simulation software has been developed by foreign companies, and there has been little advancement in domestic 3D visualization software for optical waveguide design and simulation. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to develop 3D visualization module for optical waveguide design and simulation based on ray-field tracing. Using this module, a two-dimensional exit-pupil-expansion diffractive waveguide has been designed, and a systematic design workflow is demonstrated. The workflow integrates k-domain analysis, automated layout generation of grating regions within the optical waveguide, waveguide optimization, and ray-field tracing simulations, thereby establishing a cohesive methodology for device development. The module extends beyond single-waveguide simulations to system-level analyses of near-eye displays, including micro-displays, micro-projectors, and human eye models. By bridging the microscopic and macroscopic scales, it enables holistic performance evaluation of AR optical systems, highlighting their capabilities and technical advantages. This module provides a robust and efficient platform for domestic optical engineers to advance the design and simulation of optical waveguides, thereby accelerating the industrialization and technological advancement of AR optics in China.